<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515</id><updated>2012-02-16T14:50:34.231+05:30</updated><category term='UID'/><category term='west bengal'/><category term='microfinance'/><category term='vidarbha'/><category term='Economy'/><category term='agriculture'/><category term='Mumbai'/><category term='marxism'/><category term='kerala'/><category term='financial crisis'/><category term='cricket'/><category term='politics'/><category term='UPA-Left'/><category term='fun'/><category term='Kalawati'/><category term='lavalin'/><category term='Adivasi'/><category term='land'/><category term='science'/><title type='text'>Seek truth from facts</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>81</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-9044226316510950117</id><published>2012-01-17T12:57:00.005+05:30</published><updated>2012-01-17T13:04:14.187+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kerala'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Economy'/><title type='text'>Kerala's economic growth stands out in the 2000s, says a new study</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Please see a &lt;a href="http://epw.in/epw/uploads/articles/17030.pdf" style="color: blue;"&gt;new paper in the Economic and Political Weekly&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Growth in India’s States in the First Decade of the 21st Century: Four Facts&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; Utsav Kumar, Arvind Subramanian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;"The analysis of growth in the 2000s throws up one more quirk, relating to Kerala. The conventional wisdom is of a state that is Scandinavian in its social achievements but sclerotic in its growth performance because of investment-chilling labour laws and strong trade unions, and reflected in a labour force that has voted with its feet by emigrating to west Asia. Well, &lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;"&gt;the data suggest that the conventional wisdom is dead wrong&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Kerala posted amongst the highest rates of growth in the 1990s (4% per capita), continued its &lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;"&gt;stellar performance in the go-go 2000s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt; (7.5%), and exhibited &lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;"&gt;great resilience during the crisis, experiencing virtually no decline in growth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;India, evidently, is capacious enough to allow both, reforming Gujarat and, &lt;u&gt;reform-resistant Kerala to flourish&lt;/u&gt;. Or, to put it more honestly, the Indian growth miracle, including the experience of the 2000s, continues to confound."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Just to supplement, from my &lt;a href="http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post.html" style="color: blue;"&gt;blog in Feb 2011&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;"2004-05   മുതലിങ്ങോട്ടുള്ള കേരളത്തിന്റെ സാമ്പത്തിക വളര്‍ച്ചയുടെ ചിത്രം  തീര്‍ത്തും  അഭിവൃദ്ധിയുടെത് തന്നെയാണ്.  പ്രതിവര്‍ഷം, ചരിത്രത്തിലില്ലാത്ത  വിധത്തില്‍,  10% എന്ന നിരക്കിലാണ് മൊത്തം സമ്പദ്ഘടന വളര്‍ന്നത്‌. അതായത്,  ദേശീയ വളര്‍ച്ചാ നിരക്കിന്റെ മുകളില്‍. അന്തര്‍ദേശീയ വിപണിയില്‍  നാണ്യ  വിളകളുടെ വിലകള്‍ പൊതുവേ ഉയര്‍ന്നിരിക്കുകയാണ്. 2004-05 മുതല്‍,  കാര്‍ഷിക  ഉത്പാദനം വീണ്ടും ഉയര്‍ന്നു തുടങ്ങി. നാളികേരം, റബ്ബര്‍ തുടങ്ങിയ   വിലകളില്‍ വലിയ തോതിലുള്ള ഉത്പാദന വളര്‍ച്ചയാണ് ഈ ഘട്ടത്തില്‍   അനുഭവപ്പെട്ടത്. കാപ്പി, കുരുമുളക് എന്നിവയുടെ ഉത്പാദനവും ഉയര്‍ന്നു. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;വ്യവസായ  മേഖലയിലും വലിയ വളര്‍ച്ചയാണ് കാണാന്‍ കഴിയുക. പ്രത്യേകിച്ചും, എല്‍  ഡി  എഫ് സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ കാലത്ത് പൊതുമേഖല വ്യവസായങ്ങളുടെ വളര്‍ച്ചയില്‍  ഉണ്ടായ  വളര്‍ച്ച, മൊത്തം വ്യവസായ വളര്‍ച്ചാ നിരക്കില്‍ വളരെ വ്യക്തമായി  പ്രതിഫലിക്കുന്നുണ്ട്. അതായത്, പുതിയ വന്‍കിട വ്യവസായ  സ്ഥാപനങ്ങള്‍  സ്ഥാപിക്കപ്പെട്ടത് കൊണ്ടല്ല, മറിച്ചു നിലവിലുള്ളവയുടെ  ഉത്പാദന ശേഷി  കൂടുതല്‍ വിനിയോഗിക്കപ്പെട്ടത്‌ കൊണ്ടാണ് ഈ  വളര്‍ച്ച്ചയുണ്ടായിട്ടുള്ളത്.  ചെറുകിട വ്യവസായ മേഖലയിലും ശ്രദ്ധേയമായ  വളര്‍ച്ച ഉണ്ടായിട്ടുണ്ട്.  യഥാര്‍ത്ഥത്തില്‍, അസംഘടിത മേഖലയിലെ വളര്‍ച്ച  സംഘടിത മേഖലയിലെക്കാള്‍  ഉയര്‍ന്നതാണ്. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;അഭൂതപൂര്‍വമായ  വളര്‍ച്ച ഉണ്ടായിട്ടുള്ളത് സേവന മേഖലയിലാണ്. പ്രതിവര്‍ഷം  12.6% എന്ന  നിരക്കിലാണ് സേവന മേഖല 2004-05 നു ശേഷം വളര്‍ന്നിട്ടുള്ളത്. ഇത്  തന്നെയാണ്  പൊതുവില്‍ ഈ ഘട്ടത്തിലെ സാമ്പത്തിക വളര്‍ച്ചയുടെ ആണിക്കല്ലും.  2004-05 നു  ശേഷം നിര്‍മ്മാണ മേഖല വളര്‍ന്നത്‌ പ്രതിവര്‍ഷം 14.8% എന്ന  നിരക്കിലാണ്.  ഗതാഗതവും വാര്‍ത്താവിനിമയവും 14% വേഗതയില്‍ ഉയര്‍ന്നു.  വ്യാപാരം,  ബാങ്കിങ്ങ്, റിയല്‍ എസ്റെറ്റു എന്നിവ 12% നിരക്കിലാണ്  വളര്‍ന്നത്‌."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;To read further, alongside:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;1) &lt;a href="http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/06/blog-post.html" style="color: blue;"&gt;തൊഴിലില്ലാ-വളര്‍ച്ചക്ക്‌ അന്ത്യം: കേരളത്തില്‍ തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മ വന്‍ തോതില്‍ കുറഞ്ഞുവെന്നു കേന്ദ്ര സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ കണക്കുകള്‍&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; 2) &lt;a href="http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/07/some-thoughts-on-decline-of.html" style="color: blue;"&gt;Some thoughts on the decline of unemployment in Kerala&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-9044226316510950117?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/9044226316510950117/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2012/01/keralas-economic-growth-rate-stands-out.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/9044226316510950117'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/9044226316510950117'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2012/01/keralas-economic-growth-rate-stands-out.html' title='Kerala&apos;s economic growth stands out in the 2000s, says a new study'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-6328575802567556758</id><published>2012-01-03T17:20:00.004+05:30</published><updated>2012-01-03T20:32:03.244+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kerala'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Economy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politics'/><title type='text'>Lies, damned lies, and statistics: On Arvind Panagariya’s Kerala adventure</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;R. Ramakumar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;This is with reference to the article “Cracking the Kerala Myth” by Arvind Panagariya (Professor of Economics, Columbia University), that appeared in &lt;a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/Cracking-the-kerala-myth/articleshow/11329131.cms"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Times of India&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, dated 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; January 2012. It may eminently suit the political convictions of the Columbia Professor to criticise Kerala’s development experience from his free-market perspective; he is also free to argue that Kerala’s is not a “state-led success” and that its “left-of-centre governments” did not contribute to its success. However, while doing so, one expects a modicum of rigour in argument. Sadly, Panagariya’s piece falls flat, both in its historical grasp and statistical rigour. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;First, Kerala’s high level of inequality in consumption expenditure, &lt;i&gt;in absolute terms&lt;/i&gt;, is used by Panagariya to argue that the source of poverty decline was income growth, and not equitable development. He claims this to be true right from 1973-74. Panagariya is wrong. A simple plot of poverty data would have revealed to him that the sharpest fall of poverty in Kerala occurred from the early-1980s onwards. The most remarkable aspect of this poverty decline was that inequality levels also &lt;i&gt;declined&lt;/i&gt; alongside. Thus, between 1983 and 1993-94, head count ratio (HCR) of poverty in rural Kerala fell from 39.6 per cent to 25.4 per cent. During the same period, the gini ratio, used to measure inequality, also fell from 0.32 to 0.30. The association holds for urban areas also, where, the gini ratio fell even sharply from 0.39 in 1983 to 0.34 in 1993-94 (in urban India as a whole, the gini ratio had risen between 1983 and 1993-94). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;After 1993-94, poverty levels have continued to fall, while gini ratios have risen. Thus, between 1973-74 and 2004-05, there are two phases: Phase 1, where poverty and inequality fell together; and Phase 2, where poverty fell and inequality rose. Such contradictory outcomes do not allow the kind of generalisation that Panagariya attempts. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Panagariya also misses the point that till the late-1980s, Kerala’s economy was not on any growth path at all. Scholars describe the period between the early-1970s and the late-1980s as a period of “economic stagnation” in the State (the real NSDP grew at just 1.6 per cent per annum). It was only after 1987-88 that NSDP growth rates in Kerala begin to pick up, while poverty rates had begun to fall from the early-1980s itself.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Secondly, Panagariya makes the usual mistake that uninformed commentators on Kerala make. He argues that Kerala’s social indicators are good because “it started at the highest level at independence”. It is here that Panagariya stretches the science of statistics beyond imagination. He says: “In 1951, it had a literacy rate of 47% compared with 18% for India as a whole and 28% for Maharashtra, the closest rival among the large states. By 2011, these rates had risen to 94, 74 and 83%, respectively. The gains made, thus, equal 47, 56 and 55 percentage points for Kerala, India and Maharashtra, respectively.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;This use of statistics by Panagariya would shock even a Class 10 student of statistics. In his argument, if Kerala has to be considered as success, the absolute difference between the literacy rates of Kerala and India/Maharashtra should either increase or at least remain constant! Thus, Kerala should have had a literacy rate of at least 102 per cent in 2011 for Panagariya to call it a “success story”! &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Similar is Panagariya’s use of statistics in the case of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). In trying to argue that Gujarat achieved more in IMR than Kerala, he says: “whereas Kerala lowered its infant mortality rate by 46 deaths per 1,000 live births between 1971 and 2009, Gujarat achieved a reduction of 96, Tamil Nadu of 85 and Maharashtra of 74.” In 1971, Kerala’s IMR was 61 per 1000 live births. To be on par with Gujarat in 2009, Kerala should have had an IMR of -35! &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Columbia’s statistics department can rejoice; in their university, the very basic principles of statistics are being rewritten! It is often said that there are two kinds of statistics, the kind you look up, and the kind you make up. No prizes in guessing where Panagariya’s statistics belongs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;But apart from statistical gaffes, Panagariya’s article also misses important historical features of Kerala’s development experience. One, it is important to appreciate that all social sector achievements of Kerala precede the late-1980s, when the State’s per capita income began to grow rapidly. Two, it is not enough to say that Kerala had higher literacy rates than other States in 1957. Here, &lt;i&gt;absolute levels&lt;/i&gt; of literacy rates assume great significance. See Table 1 below. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;The Kerala of 1956 was formed by merging the three provinces of Travancore, Cochin and Malabar. Malabar was certainly the most backward among the three. The real story of Kerala’s development achievements in the 20th century is in the catch up of Malabar with the rest of Kerala after 1957. Any discussion of Kerala’s development without mention of Malabar’s catch up is like watching Hamlet without the Prince of Denmark. In 1951, the total literacy rate in Malabar was only 31 per cent, while it was only 22 per cent among women (Table 1). Among Dalit women in Kerala as a whole (data for Malabar alone are not available for Dalits), the literacy rate was only 17 per cent in 1961. It was after the implementation of land reform and a sharp rise in public investment in school education that literacy rates expanded among Dalits, especially Dalit women. The same holds true for Adivasi women also. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yC58kGA9Bow/TwLsUYelbKI/AAAAAAAAA2Y/oHRd_ve-CX4/s1600/kerala-literacy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="136" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yC58kGA9Bow/TwLsUYelbKI/AAAAAAAAA2Y/oHRd_ve-CX4/s320/kerala-literacy.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Click to enlarge&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Take the case of IMR. In the early-1950s, the IMR in Kerala was 120, while that in India was 140; in other words, they were largely comparable. Similarly, as an average for 1921-30, the life expectancy of birth in Kerala (the composite state) was 30 years for men and 33 years for women. The corresponding figures for India as a whole were 27 and 26 years respectively. Do these figures indicate that Kerala was far ahead of India in the social sector at the time of independence itself? Not at all. While specific inspiring periods of progressive social policy in the 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; and early-20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century cannot be underestimated, Kerala leaped ahead of other Indian States only after 1957. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;These facts cannot be hidden by simply stating that Kerala “started at the highest level at independence”, as Panagariya does. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Thirdly, Panagariya rejects the role of “successful public sector interventions in education and health as the source of sustained high levels of education and health in Kerala”. One, about 53 per cent of children in Kerala between ages 7 and 16 study in “private schools”. Two, he says that public expenditure on health in Kerala is barely 1 per cent of its GSDP. Three, private expenditure on health care far exceeds public expenditure on health care. From these three points, Panagaraiya argues that “the conventional and dominant story of Kerala as a state-led success crumbles in the face of hard facts.” One only wishes that Panagariya was less economical with facts and figures in his argument. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Let us take education first. Public expenditure on education has risen consistently in real terms in Kerala over the last six decades. As long ago as 1960-61, total government expenditure on education in Kerala was 3.7 per cent of GSDP. Starting at close to 4 per cent of GSDP in the early 1960s, public expenditure on education rose to a peak of 6.5 per cent in 1986-87, and has fluctuated between 5.5 and 6.5 per cent since then, along a marginally declining trend (recent data on public expenditure are biased downwards by the fact that there is no reliable data on how much the panchayats spend on education). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Most remarkably, about 96 per cent of all schools in Kerala are funded by the state. Panagariya’s generalised argument about “private schools” in Kerala arises from a lack of knowledge of the way school system is organised in the State. The Government of Kerala funds two types of schools. The first are schools established, owned and run solely by the State government. Together, they constitute around 36 per cent of all schools in Kerala. The second type is “aided” schools, which are owned and managed by private agencies. Here, the government meets the major component of their annual expenditure, namely, salaries. Aided schools also receive grants-in-aid from the State government for buildings and establishment, teaching and instructional material (including libraries and laboratories), and recreational facilities. This category covers 60 per cent of schools in the State and predominates at all levels of schooling. The last category, fully private schools, covers only about 4 per cent of all schools in the State. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;It should then not be surprising that a large share of children study in the government-aided schools. Panagariya’s attempt is to portray government-aided schools also as private schools, and try to prove that the government does not have any role in their functioning. That is, at best, disingenuous. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Indeed, aided schools have been an integral part of the path in which Kerala’s educational system has evolved over a period. It is a legacy of the important role that social and religious movements played in Kerala’s educational history. Before 1957, a large share of these schools were owned and managed by educationally privileged communities like Nairs and Christians; thus, socially backward communities were largely under-represented in the educational system. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;The educational policy of the Communist government in 1957 tried to change the educational system in two ways: one, by expanding the public school system by opening new government schools; and two, by trying to socially regulate the activities of private schools. While there was much success on the first count, the second has had a roller-coaster ride given the strong resistance put up by the privileged communities and their organisations. The present classification of schools into government/aided/private is an outcome, however imbalanced, of this roller-coaster political ride over more than 50 years. Even today, there is much in the aided school sector that can be termed “exploitative”, and there has to be additional social regulation of their activities. Yet, the larger point to note is that the partially-successful effort to socially regulate private schools in Kerala has ameliorated much of the damaging consequences of unfettered privatisation of schools. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Let us now take the health sector. There is no question that the foundations of Kerala’s phenomenal achievements in health were laid by its wide network of public health system. Panagariya chides Kerala’s public expenditure on health at 1 per cent of GSDP, even while it was the highest for any State in India. Even as he does not use any benchmark to judge Kerala expenditure standards, he ignores one of the important points &lt;a href="http://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/77%288%29619.pdf"&gt;argued out by Amartya Sen&lt;/a&gt; on whether public spending on education and health can be “afforded” by poor countries:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;“The viability of this “support-led” process is dependent on the fact that the relevant social services (such as health care and basic education) are very labour intensive, and thus are relatively inexpensive in poor - and low-wage - economies. A poor economy may have less money to spend on health care and education, but it also needs less money to spend to provide the same services, which would cost much more in the richer countries. Relative prices and costs are important parameters in determining what a country can afford.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none none none solid; border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 19.3pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 4pt;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Even as its public expenditure was 1 per cent of its GSDP, Kerala was able to significantly expand its public health network by the 1970s itself. The commitment of public expenditures helped Kerala to expand health services and facilities equally among the rural and urban areas. Thus, by the late-1980s itself, about 70 percent of all hospitals and dispensaries as well as about 52 per cent of all hospital beds were located in rural areas. Kerala was the only State where the share of hospital beds in the rural areas was above 50 per cent. Such a phenomenal expansion of health care and services into rural areas would have been unthinkable without adequate public expenditure. Panagariya’s article is ignorant or dismissive about this basic fact. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;The higher share of population in Kerala choosing private hospitals over public hospitals is a more recent trend and is indeed worrisome. However, even here, the argument is hopelessly out of context in Panagariya’s article. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;It need not be surprising that in any society where public health has historically focussed more on basic/primary health services, more people will chose the private sector for secondary and tertiary health care. Kerala’s example is no different. Thus, in the initial phases of public health expansion in the State, there was no significant difference between the growth of private and public expenditures. Between 1961-62 and 1973-74, while per capita health expenditure of the government grew by 1.4 per cent, per capita health expenditure of the private sector grew by 1.9 per cent. However, it was after the mid-1970s that the differential begins to rise sharply. Between 1974-75 and 1986-87, while per capita health expenditure of the government grew by 2.5 per cent, per capita health expenditure of the private sector grew by 4.9 per cent. This differential has further increased in the more recent years, which is what has excited Panagariya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Why has this happened? One, beginning from the mid-1970s, Kerala witnessed a sharp rise in disposable incomes, thanks to the remittances from the rising share of workers migrating to the middle-east. This put more money, on an average, in the hands of people who chose private hospitals over public hospitals. Two, the sharp fiscal crisis of the state from the 1980s onwards pre-empted any further expansion of public investment into the secondary and tertiary sectors. Even at the primary level, conditions worsened in the absence of fresh investment. With more disposable incomes and no public hospitals to meet the rising demands, the private sector came in quickly to fill the gap. That is why private health expenditures exceed public health expenditures, as a share of GSDP, in Kerala today. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;In fact, what Panagariya posits as a positive feature – the expansion of private health care – is what is precisely wrong with Kerala’s health care system today. Every study on the health sector in Kerala would tell us that out-of-pocket health spending of people in Kerala has risen sharply in the last two decades. This demands a quick expansion of public expenditure into the secondary and tertiary sectors of health care. What constrains the state’s capacity to do so is a direct fallout of the post-1991 economic reform process, which Panagariya and his like enthusiastically support: fiscal austerity. The insistence on fiscal austerity at the central level has shrunk the finances available with States. Thus, funds allocated for the payment of salaries of health care staff and purchase of drugs have been forced to be cut, leading to a deterioration of the overall quality of public health services. It is funny now to see the same neo-liberals, who encouraged a cut in public expenditures, turn around and blame the public sector for poor quality services!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;It may be fashionable for neo-liberal economists to run down, or make fun of, the developmental achievements of Kerala or the role of the Left in that long-drawn process. Of course, any critical view of Kerala’s experience should be welcomed. However, Panagariya’s so-called “critical” view is blinded both by dogmas of growth fetishism as well as erroneous use of statistics. Sorry, not welcome!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-6328575802567556758?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/6328575802567556758/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2012/01/lies-damned-lies-and-statistics-on.html#comment-form' title='18 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/6328575802567556758'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/6328575802567556758'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2012/01/lies-damned-lies-and-statistics-on.html' title='Lies, damned lies, and statistics: On Arvind Panagariya’s Kerala adventure'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yC58kGA9Bow/TwLsUYelbKI/AAAAAAAAA2Y/oHRd_ve-CX4/s72-c/kerala-literacy.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>18</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-2506906311954463107</id><published>2011-12-16T03:25:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2011-12-16T03:25:58.913+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='UID'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politics'/><title type='text'>Aadhaar: Time to Disown the Idea</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;My article in &lt;i&gt;The Hindu&lt;/i&gt; on the report of the Parliament's Standing Committee on Finance that rejected the National Identification Authority of India Bill, 2010.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article2717949.ece"&gt;Read it here...&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h1 class="detail-title" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Aadhaar: time to disown the idea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="author"&gt;R. Ramakumar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="articleLead" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq "&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;The government should pay heed to the parliamentary standing  committee's views and suspend the Aadhaar project. It would be a  travesty to push the project in through the backdoor.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-2506906311954463107?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/2506906311954463107/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/12/aadhaar-time-to-disown-idea.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/2506906311954463107'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/2506906311954463107'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/12/aadhaar-time-to-disown-idea.html' title='Aadhaar: Time to Disown the Idea'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-1645736043132303449</id><published>2011-11-16T12:15:00.002+05:30</published><updated>2011-12-01T14:08:01.836+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Economy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='UID'/><title type='text'>Frontline cover story on UID/Aadhaar</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;This fortnight's &lt;a href="http://flonnet.com/fl2824/fl282400.htm"&gt;Frontline&lt;/a&gt; has a cover story on Aadhaar. The set of articles are below.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://flonnet.com/fl2824/stories/20111202282400400.htm"&gt;Identity concerns&lt;/a&gt;: R. Ramakumar&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://flonnet.com/fl2824/stories/20111202282400800.htm"&gt;Interview:&lt;/a&gt; with R. S. Sharma, Director-General and Mission Director, UIDAI&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://flonnet.com/fl2824/stories/20111202282401100.htm"&gt;Parties in confusion&lt;/a&gt;: Venkitesh Ramakrishnan&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://flonnet.com/fl2824/stories/20111202282401300.htm"&gt;A case for privacy&lt;/a&gt;: A. G. Noorani&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://flonnet.com/fl2824/stories/20111202282401600.htm"&gt;PDS in peril&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;: R. Ramakumar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://flonnet.com/fl2824/stories/20111202282401900.htm"&gt;False promises on health services&lt;/a&gt;: Mohan Rao&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://flonnet.com/fl2824/stories/20111202282402200.htm"&gt;Enrolment saga&lt;/a&gt;: Usha Ramanathan&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://flonnet.com/fl2824/stories/20111202282402500.htm"&gt;How reliable is UID?&lt;/a&gt;: R. Ramachandran&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://flonnet.com/fl2824/stories/20111202282402900.htm"&gt;Interview:&lt;/a&gt; with Dr Edgar Whitley, London School of Economics&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://flonnet.com/fl2824/stories/20111202282412200.htm"&gt;Tool of exclusion from NREGS&lt;/a&gt;: Nikhil Dey&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-1645736043132303449?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/1645736043132303449/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/11/frontline-cover-story-on-uidaadhaar.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/1645736043132303449'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/1645736043132303449'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/11/frontline-cover-story-on-uidaadhaar.html' title='Frontline cover story on UID/Aadhaar'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-3963398344190657488</id><published>2011-11-01T01:04:00.007+05:30</published><updated>2011-11-01T01:19:51.369+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='financial crisis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='marxism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politics'/><title type='text'>Some more photos from "Occupy London"</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;(Click on each photo to enlarge)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ODI-Rk-GhRU/Tq7z9kdnZ5I/AAAAAAAAAsM/_0QzAKgUZLI/s1600/100_5533.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ODI-Rk-GhRU/Tq7z9kdnZ5I/AAAAAAAAAsM/_0QzAKgUZLI/s320/100_5533.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZO3vky3NPzc/Tq7xbAKL7tI/AAAAAAAAAq0/k0vOO26ty8Q/s1600/100_5463.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="86" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZO3vky3NPzc/Tq7xbAKL7tI/AAAAAAAAAq0/k0vOO26ty8Q/s320/100_5463.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FxSUJLlzr6w/Tq70MfZ6XjI/AAAAAAAAAsU/4Rm2MJwUYtE/s1600/100_5538.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FxSUJLlzr6w/Tq70MfZ6XjI/AAAAAAAAAsU/4Rm2MJwUYtE/s320/100_5538.JPG" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-d0S7DGg_KnA/Tq71kTpjMZI/AAAAAAAAAtE/ux12S3w-grQ/s1600/100_5600.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-d0S7DGg_KnA/Tq71kTpjMZI/AAAAAAAAAtE/ux12S3w-grQ/s320/100_5600.JPG" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZO3vky3NPzc/Tq7xbAKL7tI/AAAAAAAAAq0/k0vOO26ty8Q/s1600/100_5463.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZO3vky3NPzc/Tq7xbAKL7tI/AAAAAAAAAq0/k0vOO26ty8Q/s1600/100_5463.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-P4xA7areqjM/Tq7wr3QflOI/AAAAAAAAAqc/1IH1Ln6BDY8/s1600/100_5458.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-P4xA7areqjM/Tq7wr3QflOI/AAAAAAAAAqc/1IH1Ln6BDY8/s320/100_5458.JPG" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mPsZCKcL2pI/Tq7w7HK2M-I/AAAAAAAAAqk/JyFF-UgQ8B8/s1600/100_5459.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mPsZCKcL2pI/Tq7w7HK2M-I/AAAAAAAAAqk/JyFF-UgQ8B8/s320/100_5459.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GFC4Xm3jgk0/Tq7xKARn9ZI/AAAAAAAAAqs/fLMUfF_baaw/s1600/100_5460.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GFC4Xm3jgk0/Tq7xKARn9ZI/AAAAAAAAAqs/fLMUfF_baaw/s320/100_5460.JPG" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k3FO05f7xZU/Tq7xqdPoVeI/AAAAAAAAAq8/S90zOJUS0tQ/s1600/100_5471.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k3FO05f7xZU/Tq7xqdPoVeI/AAAAAAAAAq8/S90zOJUS0tQ/s320/100_5471.JPG" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LcYRp_2pD4E/Tq7x5c6F2-I/AAAAAAAAArE/hpaUd7aCWn8/s1600/100_5475.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LcYRp_2pD4E/Tq7x5c6F2-I/AAAAAAAAArE/hpaUd7aCWn8/s320/100_5475.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DCd3VyvCvmY/Tq7yH0OofWI/AAAAAAAAArM/_K7_dvwQgwU/s1600/100_5479.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DCd3VyvCvmY/Tq7yH0OofWI/AAAAAAAAArM/_K7_dvwQgwU/s320/100_5479.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hPLiZ0HqGEc/Tq7y0Hypw-I/AAAAAAAAArk/9sIhpmXd-iA/s320/100_5490.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mQBEelWJLI4/Tq7zCfAO_mI/AAAAAAAAArs/XcLOaMo3pVk/s1600/100_5500.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mQBEelWJLI4/Tq7zCfAO_mI/AAAAAAAAArs/XcLOaMo3pVk/s320/100_5500.JPG" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UzgSB6baUVc/Tq7zRMzldNI/AAAAAAAAAr0/mUALmSrdHJc/s1600/100_5511.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UzgSB6baUVc/Tq7zRMzldNI/AAAAAAAAAr0/mUALmSrdHJc/s320/100_5511.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-c02bhnPfBwo/Tq705hynqpI/AAAAAAAAAss/1ng7WdQgO44/s320/100_5578.JPG" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RSE-brIbRDk/Tq71IQ9i3hI/AAAAAAAAAs0/WSX_NITmd-g/s1600/100_5584.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RSE-brIbRDk/Tq71IQ9i3hI/AAAAAAAAAs0/WSX_NITmd-g/s320/100_5584.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-R8mUu7uCpj0/Tq71WXEMFCI/AAAAAAAAAs8/8i8G_Wav0QY/s1600/100_5594.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-R8mUu7uCpj0/Tq71WXEMFCI/AAAAAAAAAs8/8i8G_Wav0QY/s320/100_5594.JPG" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-d0S7DGg_KnA/Tq71kTpjMZI/AAAAAAAAAtE/ux12S3w-grQ/s1600/100_5600.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-K-b2faHVy-E/Tq71yFK-QjI/AAAAAAAAAtM/04aAicw2GYQ/s1600/100_5614.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-K-b2faHVy-E/Tq71yFK-QjI/AAAAAAAAAtM/04aAicw2GYQ/s320/100_5614.JPG" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FGaYPWuxvcE/Tq71_ruJ3GI/AAAAAAAAAtU/TxvvILb3JYs/s1600/100_5615.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FGaYPWuxvcE/Tq71_ruJ3GI/AAAAAAAAAtU/TxvvILb3JYs/s320/100_5615.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7SXHua0lZdg/Tq72NZ0e6yI/AAAAAAAAAtc/IpRvMLf6z54/s1600/100_5617.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7SXHua0lZdg/Tq72NZ0e6yI/AAAAAAAAAtc/IpRvMLf6z54/s320/100_5617.JPG" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;(All photos taken by me in the first week of "Occupy London")&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/" rel="license"&gt;&lt;img alt="Creative Commons Licence" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nd/3.0/88x31.png" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" rel="dct:type"&gt;From the sides of "Occupy London"&lt;/span&gt; by &lt;a href="http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/" rel="cc:attributionURL"&gt;R. Ramakumar&lt;/a&gt; is licensed under a &lt;a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/" rel="license"&gt;Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Based on a work at &lt;a href="http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/11/some-more-photos-from-occupy-london.html" rel="dct:source"&gt;ramakumarr.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-3963398344190657488?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/3963398344190657488/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/11/some-more-photos-from-occupy-london.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/3963398344190657488'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/3963398344190657488'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/11/some-more-photos-from-occupy-london.html' title='Some more photos from &quot;Occupy London&quot;'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ODI-Rk-GhRU/Tq7z9kdnZ5I/AAAAAAAAAsM/_0QzAKgUZLI/s72-c/100_5533.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-2557008498080868217</id><published>2011-10-28T19:03:00.002+05:30</published><updated>2011-10-28T20:05:11.886+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='financial crisis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Economy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politics'/><title type='text'>ഒക്ക്യുപൈ ലണ്ടന്‍ തെരുവുകളില്‍ നിന്ന്</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Thanks to Sebin Abraham Jacob, my notes on the Occupy London movement have been translated into Malayalam, and carried in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;http://malayal.am.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: red; font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: red; font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://malayal.am/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82/13202/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%88-%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Read it here... &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-2557008498080868217?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/2557008498080868217/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/10/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/2557008498080868217'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/2557008498080868217'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/10/blog-post.html' title='ഒക്ക്യുപൈ ലണ്ടന്‍ തെരുവുകളില്‍ നിന്ന്'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-8158946951285279553</id><published>2011-10-17T16:37:00.011+05:30</published><updated>2011-10-18T17:28:52.465+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='financial crisis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='marxism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Economy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politics'/><title type='text'>From the sides of “Occupy London”</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;R. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia;"&gt;(all photos mine)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;Queen Anne is in a bit of trouble. This ex-monarch is under a siege! Used to the daily sight of tourists quietly lining up to enter the St. Paul’s Cathedral behind her, she now looks around to see hundreds of youth pouring in from across the United Kingdom for a sit-in. It’s called the “Occupy London” movement, inspired by the “Occupy Wall Street” movement in New York, which is now spreading across the globe. The siege began on October 15th, the international day of solidarity with the &lt;em&gt;indignados&lt;/em&gt; (“outraged”) movement that began in Spain. The &lt;em&gt;indignados&lt;/em&gt; movement had begun exactly five months before, on May 15th, at a rally in Madrid, which slowly transformed into a protest camp that occupied the city’s central Puerta del Sol for many weeks. It was driven by the extreme indignation experienced by the Spanish people during the economic crisis, and against cuts in public spending in health and education as well as rising unemployment and corporate greed. Thus, one of the banners at the St. Paul’s read: “This is an Outrage”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-abZBwI573Kg/TpwCUXOMQ5I/AAAAAAAAAqM/h5MCCqNS3TY/s1600/100_5449.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-abZBwI573Kg/TpwCUXOMQ5I/AAAAAAAAAqM/h5MCCqNS3TY/s320/100_5449.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2aIfwOOWiAw/TpwBh9t301I/AAAAAAAAAm8/p1R5WTBrFZI/s1600/100_5351.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320px" oda="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2aIfwOOWiAw/TpwBh9t301I/AAAAAAAAAm8/p1R5WTBrFZI/s320/100_5351.JPG" width="240px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;A spontaneous sit-in? Not really. Protestors told me that they had held a general assembly many weeks back, on the sides of a meeting to protest against the Tory government’s new National Health Services (NHS) Bill. The NHS Bill seeks to sharply cut state spending in UK’s public health system. From then on, the protestors have been meeting “virtually” almost everyday. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;What has been critical to this build-up is the country-wide protest movement picking up slowly against the Tory government’s economic policies. The most important of them is the movement to preserve UK’s famed NHS, the basis of its welfare state model. In the midst of the global crisis, UK, just as many countries in the world, has entered into an massive austerity drive. Social services are being downgraded, public expenditures are being cut and workers are being pushed out of employment. Trade unions have argued that the new NHS Bill aims to privatise NHS and forces NHS hospitals to compete with private hospitals; “the end of the NHS”, was how a trade union leader described the Bill. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yC7bIyTdMv8/TpwBwSUJt8I/AAAAAAAAAn8/1QTBudBZ3r8/s1600/100_5373.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yC7bIyTdMv8/TpwBwSUJt8I/AAAAAAAAAn8/1QTBudBZ3r8/s320/100_5373.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;Alongside, anger has been brewing at how governments have bent over their shoulders to please the financial sector, or the “bankers”. While private banks that revelled in speculation were “bailed out” by governments, its costs were borne by the people, who suffered massive cuts in social services and loss of jobs. The protest phrase of 2009 was true: “Privatise Profits, Socialise Losses”. In most demonstrations to protest against the NHS Bill in the UK, the anger against bankers is conspicuous. At a demonstration at the Westminster Bridge last Sunday, a placard read: “Governments must serve people, not banks”; another angrily asked, “When did the bank deliver a baby?” An NHS doctor was quoted by radical dailies as saying: “the same forces that wrecked the economy are queuing up to take over the health service”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A93nF7E7vlI/TpwBjXTGzLI/AAAAAAAAAnE/iZTALmOVfvU/s1600/100_5352.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A93nF7E7vlI/TpwBjXTGzLI/AAAAAAAAAnE/iZTALmOVfvU/s320/100_5352.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;A country-wide strike has been called by major trade unions on the 30th of November. A massive voting exercise is on within unions to obtain a “yes” vote to the strike from the majority of workers. Big news of the week was the posting of 1.1 million ballots by the public sector union “Unison” to its workers; Unison has its members across local government offices, NHS hospitals, and other departments like water, environment and transport. The radical newsletter of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=26316"&gt;Socialist Worker&lt;/a&gt; exhorted the workers thus:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“The government wants workers to work longer, pay more, and get less in their pensions at the end of it. Pension contributions could soar by as much as 50 per cent in many cases. Some workers will be told they have to work until 67. And at the end of it all, they’ll get even less – even though the current average council workers’ pension, for example, is £ 4,200. &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;But 30 November is about more than that too. It’s about fighting the Tories’ project of making working class people pay for the banker’s crisis. It’s about resisting their attempts to destroy the NHS and the welfare state, and fighting every cut. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;30 November can be the start of a wave that can stop the Tories. But first that means voting “yes” in the ballots – and doing everything you can in your workplace to persuade others to do the same.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;A preview of the 30 November strike was there for all to see at a strike by NHS workers in Northern Ireland last week. According to reports, over 700 nurses joined in the picketing of a hospital in Belfast. Union leaders themselves were amazed at the turnout; one leader said: “we haven’t had a strike in years, maybe decades, so we were all a little nervous. But in the end, we brought the hospital to a complete standstill”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;So then, to call the siege “spontaneous” would be wrong. The mood in the country is clearly against austerity measures and financial policies. And this mood has contributed significantly to the success of the St. Paul’s siege, even though trade unions are yet to join the siege. The siege began in the morning of the 15th of October at the street where the London Stock Exchange is located. The police quickly pushed the protestors out of the street, who gathered at the nearby St. Paul’s Cathedral. Around 3000 protestors camped at the St. Paul’s and by the night, more walked in with tents; about 7 make-shift toilets came in too. The crowd was young, but the old too stamped their presence; many of them, workers of an earlier era, came in wheel-chairs and carried placards around their neck. Julian Assange walked in, and spoke to the protestors. “Capitalism Is Crisis”, reads the largest banner as one enters the Cathedral square.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ianees1u8t8/TpwBaG1obpI/AAAAAAAAAmU/lZrYyseNMLs/s1600/100_5327.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="83px" oda="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ianees1u8t8/TpwBaG1obpI/AAAAAAAAAmU/lZrYyseNMLs/s320/100_5327.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-M6b5wnWdkeQ/TpwA_C5yYKI/AAAAAAAAAk0/qe-M_EsxBnY/s1600/100_5242.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-M6b5wnWdkeQ/TpwA_C5yYKI/AAAAAAAAAk0/qe-M_EsxBnY/s320/100_5242.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wkvY-E3OWho/TpwBuPmEufI/AAAAAAAAAn0/igFSjrtyP_4/s1600/100_5372.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320px" oda="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wkvY-E3OWho/TpwBuPmEufI/AAAAAAAAAn0/igFSjrtyP_4/s320/100_5372.JPG" width="240px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;By Saturday evening, the police looked like competing with the protestors in number. The Cathedral was cordoned off by the police; they parked their cars and vans bumper-to-bumper to stop people from entering the Cathedral square. Traffic was diverted and the square was sealed. Policemen walked hand-in-hand covering the road width, shouting “clear the highway”, and pushing people off the roads around the Cathedral. More police vans came in, filled with cages at the back; dogs barked out from each of those cages. By 11 PM, it was almost impossible for an outsider to enter the square; you had to be on the steps and inside the cordon, which was where I was. On-lookers booed the police; an old man spit hard and shouted at policemen: “you don’t even let us watch? Is this a democracy you running? Shame on you!” A policeman told me around midnight that there were at least 2000 people at the Cathedral steps. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KR7qZMtuICA/TpwBFOaJiqI/AAAAAAAAAlM/XPxWLOLPhbY/s1600/100_5263.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KR7qZMtuICA/TpwBFOaJiqI/AAAAAAAAAlM/XPxWLOLPhbY/s320/100_5263.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-msF46lvuj-8/TpwBBrniEPI/AAAAAAAAAk8/5ZorkpEttJ4/s1600/100_5254.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-msF46lvuj-8/TpwBBrniEPI/AAAAAAAAAk8/5ZorkpEttJ4/s320/100_5254.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;Sunday morning was different. The crowd appeared to me as having shrunk. But by Sunday evening, there were more people walking in. There was less police too; the reason, it appears, was the widely publicised conversation between the Canon of St Paul’s Cathedral - Giles Fraser - and the protestors. “You have the right to protest”, said the Canon to the protestors. The &lt;a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/10/16/occupy-london-protesters-_n_1013483.html"&gt;Huffington Post reported&lt;/a&gt; the conversation thus: “I’ve seen what is going on and it seems to be that there doesn’t need police force in the numbers that there have been, so I have asked them to move and they have done. All is well and there is a very calm atmosphere.” On Sunday evening, a speaker at the steps was heard saying: “we are not going back. We are here at the invitation of the Church of England.” “Yes, we are children of God”, screamed a protestor from the crowd, to the loud cheers from all.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bcYoe2PO3wE/TpwBlNNJorI/AAAAAAAAAnM/FE9bkJmesQ0/s1600/100_5357.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="85px" oda="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bcYoe2PO3wE/TpwBlNNJorI/AAAAAAAAAnM/FE9bkJmesQ0/s320/100_5357.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--09BZiz0-1I/TpwBqq_5GCI/AAAAAAAAAnk/SCnGxSK_Pws/s1600/100_5362.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="86px" oda="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--09BZiz0-1I/TpwBqq_5GCI/AAAAAAAAAnk/SCnGxSK_Pws/s320/100_5362.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rTnlEkH6MJU/TpwCWJrtcbI/AAAAAAAAAqU/RSxPNocyfyo/s1600/100_5455.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rTnlEkH6MJU/TpwCWJrtcbI/AAAAAAAAAqU/RSxPNocyfyo/s320/100_5455.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;A feature of the protest is lack of violence. The only violent incident reported was where a young man threw a bottle at a policeman; he was arrested. And one speaker at the steps said: “we have to show the world that we can protest without violence. That should our reply to this government, which tries to run down this protest by force. So, take control of yourselves. Make sure there is no incident of shame.” Another speaker was thankful of the Cathedral, and said: “this is a place of worship. We should thank the Church for letting us sit here. We should not keep the place dirty. Make sure you use dustbins and toilets.” I checked on the sides of the Cathedral; there were separate bins, one for “general rubbish”, one for “cans”, and one for “food waste”. There was a “waste committee” that was at work, and its workers regularly cleaned up the Cathedral square. There was also a full-blown kitchen on the sides; the placard at its entry read: “if you have means to cook, please take and help yourselves! :)”. Another placard there read: “No Smoking”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cu-Ce4ijNiU/TpwB4pAxz1I/AAAAAAAAAok/K52DUODoYJ4/s1600/100_5398.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cu-Ce4ijNiU/TpwB4pAxz1I/AAAAAAAAAok/K52DUODoYJ4/s320/100_5398.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iDwJz6SoHI0/TpwB6ShrPCI/AAAAAAAAAos/KGToqFdlfnQ/s1600/100_5399.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iDwJz6SoHI0/TpwB6ShrPCI/AAAAAAAAAos/KGToqFdlfnQ/s320/100_5399.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-b4I8xHxNCs8/TpwB_J6nQ9I/AAAAAAAAAo8/ac5BA-airGc/s1600/100_5403.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320px" oda="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-b4I8xHxNCs8/TpwB_J6nQ9I/AAAAAAAAAo8/ac5BA-airGc/s320/100_5403.JPG" width="240px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pVYRsWbyMHM/TpwCE2tzABI/AAAAAAAAApU/Tqn2Yk8jyT0/s1600/100_5409.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pVYRsWbyMHM/TpwCE2tzABI/AAAAAAAAApU/Tqn2Yk8jyT0/s320/100_5409.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;“Love” and “Peace” are recurrent themes; in poster after poster, one can see REVOLUTION being written as R[&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EVOL&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]UTION or R[&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;LOVE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;]UTION. Written on a demon-faced effigy was: “When the power of Love overcomes the love of Power, the world will know Peace.” And a poster right under Queen Anne read: “We can’t feed the poor; but we can fund Wars?” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;The third recurrent theme is anger; the anger is against the government and the bankers. The key slogan of the movement is “We are the 99 per cent”, as opposed to the rich 1 per cent that runs banks, corporations and governments. “I am 1 of 99 per cent”, “Bankers are the Real Looters”, so read many placards and banners. Another read: “We are 99%. F*$k us and we’ll give birth to discontent and organised resistance”. Yet another read: “Authorities are not Truth; Truth is the Authority”. A banner in front of one tent read: “We don’t need Sex. The Government F*$ks us”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XzMGwk96q2I/TpwCOUiONLI/AAAAAAAAAp0/gG_oDrqWDRc/s1600/100_5439.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XzMGwk96q2I/TpwCOUiONLI/AAAAAAAAAp0/gG_oDrqWDRc/s320/100_5439.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-d7YHFWnGv70/TpwBV5USFYI/AAAAAAAAAmE/sl2PMcG4dz4/s1600/100_5313.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320px" oda="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-d7YHFWnGv70/TpwBV5USFYI/AAAAAAAAAmE/sl2PMcG4dz4/s320/100_5313.JPG" width="240px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-N2TspJvmYsI/TpwB0OZfJiI/AAAAAAAAAoM/8gui3jtNaEg/s1600/100_5378.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320px" oda="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-N2TspJvmYsI/TpwB0OZfJiI/AAAAAAAAAoM/8gui3jtNaEg/s320/100_5378.JPG" width="240px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;By Sunday night, the number of tents had multiplied. People brought chairs in, sat outside their tents and read or discussed. One was reading “A Radical Reader”, another was reading “The Jewish Question”, and many others were picking up books from a make-shift library that had just opened. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kA1kpoV6YZA/TpwByOcyPoI/AAAAAAAAAoE/py8rDCsiqdA/s1600/100_5375.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kA1kpoV6YZA/TpwByOcyPoI/AAAAAAAAAoE/py8rDCsiqdA/s320/100_5375.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-29AfMdfQmhs/TpwCDEXNdxI/AAAAAAAAApM/vnxRVD3AOwY/s1600/100_5407.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-29AfMdfQmhs/TpwCDEXNdxI/AAAAAAAAApM/vnxRVD3AOwY/s320/100_5407.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xWpRXKirDrs/TpwCKAjI33I/AAAAAAAAApk/O3o9uWZPtnQ/s1600/100_5430.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xWpRXKirDrs/TpwCKAjI33I/AAAAAAAAApk/O3o9uWZPtnQ/s320/100_5430.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;Singers and performers have come in. One performer was a magician; he enthralled the crowd by making pennies disappear from between his fingers, and said: “that is how our banks make our pennies disappear”. Others performed juggling tricks. A sing-a-long was on nearby; the lines went: “When you talk on your phone, Be careful what you say, They’re Going to Get You…”. The singer gave me the You Tube link to the song he had recorded and uploaded; &lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlDTeMYo-vs"&gt;he is here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-n63Q1oZo74Y/TpwB21p6MPI/AAAAAAAAAoc/rSsuQMh-EiY/s1600/100_5394.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-n63Q1oZo74Y/TpwB21p6MPI/AAAAAAAAAoc/rSsuQMh-EiY/s320/100_5394.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3tu7iUD1xf4/TpwBXghnAjI/AAAAAAAAAmM/gMx43YPWnxA/s1600/100_5318.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320px" oda="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3tu7iUD1xf4/TpwBXghnAjI/AAAAAAAAAmM/gMx43YPWnxA/s320/100_5318.JPG" width="240px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uoOdiSrY054/TpwBbiIwU2I/AAAAAAAAAmc/wYGO01XEoU4/s1600/100_5333.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uoOdiSrY054/TpwBbiIwU2I/AAAAAAAAAmc/wYGO01XEoU4/s320/100_5333.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;Finally, the million-dollar question: how sustainable is this “movement”? To hazard an answer to this question is risky, as the experience with many recent “movements” has taught us much. This can blow up into a big, long sit-in, and surprise many. Or it could just fizzle out in a day or two. I went around asking the question: who is leading this? I am led to a small tent, with about seven computers. That’s the office, it seems. But then I figured out that there are many groups in there, most of whom don’t even know each other. They arrange regular corner meetings to discuss “strategy”; I heard many of them discussing how to bring in more people the next day and making sure this siege doesn’t end soon. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--ySDF7PRjkM/TpwB9OlC5QI/AAAAAAAAAo0/ok4kuGRlE4Q/s1600/100_5402.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320px" oda="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--ySDF7PRjkM/TpwB9OlC5QI/AAAAAAAAAo0/ok4kuGRlE4Q/s320/100_5402.JPG" width="240px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jDYFSOhUNLg/TpwCA1NCZCI/AAAAAAAAApE/KQ0b72T1qdw/s1600/100_5404.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jDYFSOhUNLg/TpwCA1NCZCI/AAAAAAAAApE/KQ0b72T1qdw/s320/100_5404.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZeNaIeTM3Fc/TpwCR4eZnKI/AAAAAAAAAqE/eNyU1x_uYuE/s1600/100_5447.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZeNaIeTM3Fc/TpwCR4eZnKI/AAAAAAAAAqE/eNyU1x_uYuE/s320/100_5447.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;Hughes, a veteran trade unionist selling books at the venue, told me that most participants are from fringe anarchist groups, and many don’t even know what it means to be an anarchist. “You have to organise, and these guys have to get that simple point”, said Hughes. For him, the success of the siege lies in whether these anarchist groups connect with worker’s unions as quickly as possible, and spread the revolt. He said: “the government is cool about this; they don’t mind this sit-in; this does not disturb anything in the government or among the powerful; but it will do so once these guys connect with the simmering discontent among workers”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ii9HuLsTpME/TpwBgIpZNmI/AAAAAAAAAm0/vmPsY4JKJro/s1600/100_5336.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320px" oda="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ii9HuLsTpME/TpwBgIpZNmI/AAAAAAAAAm0/vmPsY4JKJro/s320/100_5336.JPG" width="240px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;Hughes’ arguments are much the same as what Noam Chomsky said in London last weekend, at the &lt;a href="http://rebelliousmediaconference.org/"&gt;Rebellious Media Conference&lt;/a&gt;. Talking about the Wall Street protests and the protests in Egypt and Tunisia, Chomsky said: “It’s when the labour movement began to seriously participate that the gains of these movements really became noticeable…That ought to be known if the occupy movements, spectacular as they are, are going to have real success.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;“Will that happen?”, I asked Hughes. He gave me a telling look, and said with a smile: “Let’s see”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;Let’s see…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HHP9lv8TNJQ/TpwBMGbj9vI/AAAAAAAAAls/vgQHHipjFwc/s1600/100_5299.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HHP9lv8TNJQ/TpwBMGbj9vI/AAAAAAAAAls/vgQHHipjFwc/s320/100_5299.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sRD9u5Ol8Tc/TpwBT9MCCqI/AAAAAAAAAl8/bNAsISpYXJg/s1600/100_5306.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sRD9u5Ol8Tc/TpwBT9MCCqI/AAAAAAAAAl8/bNAsISpYXJg/s320/100_5306.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Yn0LYtdbo4A/TpwBexXgsAI/AAAAAAAAAms/SrnmzzhyLfg/s1600/100_5335.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Yn0LYtdbo4A/TpwBexXgsAI/AAAAAAAAAms/SrnmzzhyLfg/s320/100_5335.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iinrV2MJoOw/TpwBm39phII/AAAAAAAAAnU/CNRLOEWn9nA/s1600/100_5359.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320px" oda="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iinrV2MJoOw/TpwBm39phII/AAAAAAAAAnU/CNRLOEWn9nA/s320/100_5359.JPG" width="240px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nmsiX0RjFcI/TpwBsQmelnI/AAAAAAAAAns/n1q3eNZMKRY/s1600/100_5371.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nmsiX0RjFcI/TpwBsQmelnI/AAAAAAAAAns/n1q3eNZMKRY/s320/100_5371.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mx28RFK8sEU/TpwB1q2hVLI/AAAAAAAAAoU/6MRGDgMPZ6c/s1600/100_5379.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mx28RFK8sEU/TpwB1q2hVLI/AAAAAAAAAoU/6MRGDgMPZ6c/s320/100_5379.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-s02XKXbgI_s/TpwCISbcmcI/AAAAAAAAApc/aDTGardEwnw/s1600/100_5416.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-s02XKXbgI_s/TpwCISbcmcI/AAAAAAAAApc/aDTGardEwnw/s320/100_5416.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-L27YPgky2Lw/TpwCQGXhfeI/AAAAAAAAAp8/hWr0iZ-7ivg/s1600/100_5440.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-L27YPgky2Lw/TpwCQGXhfeI/AAAAAAAAAp8/hWr0iZ-7ivg/s320/100_5440.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ek3VdJYolz8/TpwBDsfr-FI/AAAAAAAAAlE/Xi9W8rCkjqE/s1600/100_5261.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320px" oda="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ek3VdJYolz8/TpwBDsfr-FI/AAAAAAAAAlE/Xi9W8rCkjqE/s320/100_5261.JPG" width="240px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fCj8Z8U5ulY/TpwBG1b0sVI/AAAAAAAAAlU/6W-igbyxHrQ/s1600/100_5267.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240px" oda="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fCj8Z8U5ulY/TpwBG1b0sVI/AAAAAAAAAlU/6W-igbyxHrQ/s320/100_5267.JPG" width="320px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fmdWVsRPSPI/TpwBIuxsItI/AAAAAAAAAlc/CFYSGETWYxE/s1600/100_5276.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320px" oda="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fmdWVsRPSPI/TpwBIuxsItI/AAAAAAAAAlc/CFYSGETWYxE/s320/100_5276.JPG" width="240px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9g4aKD3ypKo/TpwBKnwyZcI/AAAAAAAAAlk/xG_MVXl4ig0/s1600/100_5292.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320px" oda="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9g4aKD3ypKo/TpwBKnwyZcI/AAAAAAAAAlk/xG_MVXl4ig0/s320/100_5292.JPG" width="240px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_R2NXUYlDGI/TpwCMnHAyrI/AAAAAAAAAps/3F8S_UgYV1A/s1600/100_5431.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320px" oda="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_R2NXUYlDGI/TpwCMnHAyrI/AAAAAAAAAps/3F8S_UgYV1A/s320/100_5431.JPG" width="240px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/" rel="license"&gt;&lt;img alt="Creative Commons Licence" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nd/3.0/88x31.png" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" property="dct:title" rel="dct:type" xmlns:dct="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"&gt;From the sides of "Occupy London"&lt;/span&gt; by &lt;a href="http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#"&gt;R. Ramakumar&lt;/a&gt; is licensed under a &lt;a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/" rel="license"&gt;Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Based on a work at &lt;a href="http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/10/from-sides-of-occupy-london.html" rel="dct:source" xmlns:dct="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"&gt;ramakumarr.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-8158946951285279553?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/8158946951285279553/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/10/from-sides-of-occupy-london.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/8158946951285279553'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/8158946951285279553'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/10/from-sides-of-occupy-london.html' title='From the sides of “Occupy London”'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-abZBwI573Kg/TpwCUXOMQ5I/AAAAAAAAAqM/h5MCCqNS3TY/s72-c/100_5449.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-5725718639583625337</id><published>2011-09-24T14:18:00.002+05:30</published><updated>2011-09-24T14:19:58.800+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kerala'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cricket'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politics'/><title type='text'>The fall of Kochi Tuskers, and Tharoor's muddle</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;With the Kochi Tuskers exiting from IPL, indeed, it is Lalit Modi who is having the last laugh. I hate Modi, but when he says "&lt;a href="http://lalitmodi.com/lkm-blog.php?id=13"&gt;I told you so&lt;/a&gt;", I think he is making a point.&lt;a href="http://lalitmodi.com/lkm-blog.php?id=13" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Now, 18 months later, the BCCI has terminated the Kochi contract on the  basis of an unpaid bank guarantee which, according to new President, N.  Srinivasan,&amp;nbsp;“....is not capable of being remedied." As a consequence,  the BCCI now stands to &lt;span style="background-color: #ffff66;"&gt;lose more than US $300 million&lt;/span&gt; by virtue of  reduced commercial revenue because Kochi's suspension means fewer teams  and therefore games - not to mention a loss of credibility for the IPL  itself. It will be interesting to see who takes responsibility for an  outcome I predicted even before the contract was signed. It is a  situation that could have been avoided but what it shows is that &lt;span style="background-color: #ffff66;"&gt;the  unsubstantiated accusations made against me suggesting I imposed  ‘onerous’ conditions purely to try and manipulate the bidding process  towards my preferred bidders has been shot to pieces.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Shashi Tharoor, on the other hand, has &lt;a href="http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2011/sep/20-exclusive-shashi-tharoor-the-end-of-keralas-ipl-dream.htm"&gt;a weak and bizarre defense&lt;/a&gt;.  His write-up is further evidence of his distorted developmental  priorities for the State. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;An IPL team for Kerala was a dream that few  dared to dream.&amp;nbsp;As a member of Parliament from the state, I was acutely  aware that Keralites simply did not believe we could &lt;span style="background-color: #ffff66;"&gt;compete&lt;/span&gt; with the  major cities of India &lt;span style="background-color: #ffff66;"&gt;to attract big-ticket investment and high-value  enterprises&lt;/span&gt; to our state. That's why the establishment of a Kerala IPL  team was all the more&amp;nbsp;significant&amp;nbsp;and important...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;When, as a Kerala MP, I pursued the  opportunity of bringing an IPL team to Kerala, it was because I was  convinced that the only antidote to &lt;span style="background-color: #ffff66;"&gt;the hidebound statist mentality that  has produced such economic stagnation in Kerala in recent years would  be the infusion of a venture that was as 21st&amp;nbsp;century in its conception  and execution as the IPL.&lt;/span&gt; I saw KTK as a venture that would not just  boost the prospects of Kerala's cricketers, but spark the imaginations  of our young people and open new vistas for businesses, as well as  promote a new surge of "cricket-related tourism" in our beautiful state  (whose advertising tagline is 'God's Own Country').&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;What lies ahead is not entirely clear. There  is talk of a court case. Perhaps new owners can revive a franchise  whose potential had barely begun to be tapped. For the moment, though, a  larger dream has been nipped in the bud as it had barely begun to  flower. &lt;span style="background-color: #ffff66;"&gt;Cricket, and the narrative of India's 21st century &lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;development&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;,  will be poorer for Kochi Tuskers Kerala's exit from the IP&lt;/span&gt;L.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; Bull! &lt;img src="http://mail.google.com/mail/e/320" style="margin: 0pt 0.2ex; vertical-align: middle;" /&gt;&lt;img src="http://mail.google.com/mail/e/320" style="margin: 0pt 0.2ex; vertical-align: middle;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #888888; font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-5725718639583625337?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/5725718639583625337/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/09/fall-of-kochi-tuskers-and-tharoors.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/5725718639583625337'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/5725718639583625337'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/09/fall-of-kochi-tuskers-and-tharoors.html' title='The fall of Kochi Tuskers, and Tharoor&apos;s muddle'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-2890098643044665808</id><published>2011-09-20T01:27:00.002+05:30</published><updated>2011-09-20T01:28:02.083+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='UID'/><title type='text'>My response to UIDAI's R. S.  Sharma</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here is my response to UIDAI Mission Director R. S. Sharma's "&lt;a href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article2453509.ece"&gt;clarification&lt;/a&gt;" published in The Hindu. Sharma had written his clarification in reply to my earlier piece titled "&lt;a href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article2236134.ece"&gt;Aadhaar: On a Platform of Myths&lt;/a&gt;" in The Hindu.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h1 class="detail-title" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;Response to UIDAI's clarification&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="author"&gt;R. Ramakumar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="author"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article2468194.ece"&gt;Read it here...&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-2890098643044665808?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/2890098643044665808/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/09/my-response-to-uidai.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/2890098643044665808'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/2890098643044665808'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/09/my-response-to-uidai.html' title='My response to UIDAI&apos;s R. S.  Sharma'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-2648526310308930468</id><published>2011-08-20T02:21:00.011+05:30</published><updated>2011-08-20T23:49:32.841+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politics'/><title type='text'>Lokpal, Corruption, the Left's struggles</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;One  has, in the last few weeks, been asked this question often: "what  prevented the Left parties from bringing in a Lokpal Bill earlier?" This  was particularly after I sent across an &lt;a href="http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2011/08/4068"&gt;interview with Prakash Karat&lt;/a&gt; on the subject. Some thoughts on that here.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Lokpal  makes only a small, though important, difference to corruption in   India. While the idea of Lokpal, and many versions of it, has been in   circulation for many years, it has not been passed by the Parliament   till today. If the passing of Lokpal is the only criterion chosen to judge the efforts to end corruption,  then there is indeed a collective  failure of the political system, that  includes the Left. However, the  choice of that criterion begins with the assumption that Lokpal  is a  complete, and adequate, answer to corruption in India. I dont think so.  The Left also has  never said that anywhere. It is Anna Hazare who says  it now. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The core long-term political question I am interested in is not  whether  Lokpal was passed or not, and who made the shrillest noise about  it,  but who has made the best effort to fight corruption in its  multiple  varieties. Certainly from the 1980s, at least, when large-sum   corruption started showing up in India, it is the Left that has fought   it tooth and nail. Take Bofors, take the Jain diaries in the hawala   case, take the JMM bribery case, take the St Kitts case, take the Sheila   Kaul case, take the Shiv Shanker case...in all these cases, it was  only  the Left that fought the Congress and its corruption on the  streets, as  well as in the Parliament. Yes, many of these struggles did  not acquire  the stature of the Anna Hazare agitation. Partly, I   believe, it was because the starkness of corruption had not, probably,   stared at the Indian people (particularly the middle class) more before.   An idea, ultimately, has to grip the masses!&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But today, corruption has expanded most widely to many more spheres,   has exceeded imaginations in scale and size, and the growing midde   class has gotten restless about the frequency with which it has hit the   stands. This was never the case before. This is why the idea of Jan   Lokpal, put forward so dramatically by Anna Hazare, has become popular. I  am  sure that more than 95 per cent of the people with Anna have never  read  the Jan Lokpal Bill. They dont know the difference between the  government's  Lokpal Bill and Jan Lokpal Bill, other than that the Prime  Minister is not included in the government's Lokpal Bill.At the same  time, the credibility of the UPA-II government is so low  that people  are not ready to believe that they can ever bring in a genuine   legislation on corruption. So, they believe that anything other than the  government's bill has to be a "good" and "strong" bill. The media (&lt;a href="http://www.thehoot.org/web/home/story.php?storyid=5448&amp;amp;mod=1&amp;amp;pg=1&amp;amp;sectionId=4&amp;amp;valid=true"&gt;eager to raise money and TRPs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;)  is publicising only the Jan Lokpal Bill. They do not even discuss or  publicise the &lt;a href="http://www.cpim.org/content/stand-lokpal"&gt;alternatives put forward either by the CPI (M)&lt;/a&gt; or the NCPRI. So,  people think that parties like the CPI (M) are sitting silent on the present Lokpal controversy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Goign back to history, it was never thought in the Indian political  discourse that a Lokpal can end  corruption on its own. This was not  just the Left's view. Reviewing the  Lokpal Bill of 1986, L. C. Jain  (noted Gandhian, economist and Magsaysay award winner) wrote in the &lt;i&gt;Economic and Political Weekly&lt;/i&gt; (EPW) in 1986 that:  "in any case, even  with a vastly broadened scope, Lokpal will always be  a moral censor and  no more". In this short piece, Jain refers to the  report of the  Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption of the  1960s, which had  put much emphasis on "an example being set by the top"  as crucial to end  corruption. He quotes the Committee report thus:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;There   is a large consensus of opinion that a new tradition of integrity can   be established only if the example is set by those who have the  ultimate  responsibility for the governance of India.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jain further wrote that:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;The   Committee also reported that "the public belief in the prevalence of   corruption at high levels has been strengthened by the manner in which   funds are collected by political parties, especially at the time of   elections" and suggested that all political parties be required to   publish audited accounts annually and "failure to conform to such   obligation should debar a political party from recognition by the   Election Commission". &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Furthermore, the Committee held that to generate "a favourable  social  climate" against corruption, the integrity of not only Ministers  at the  Centre and the states but also the Members of Parliament and of  the  State Legislatures will be a great&amp;nbsp; factor and suggested that they   should therefore submit an annual statement of assets to Parliament and   the State Assemblies and disclose whether they were in the employ of  any  business firms.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;The  Santhanam Committee's recommendation "to set  an example from the top"  was to create a CVC, which was actually set up.  MPs do submit asset  returns to the Parliament now.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;And Santhanam's Committee's most fundamental recommendations regarding prevention of corruption were related to "administrative reforms". Thus, the first Administrative Reforms Commission was formed in 1966 (however, in a State like Kerala, the Left had instituted an Administrative Reforms Commission in 1957 itself; EMS Namboodiripad, the then Chief Minister of Kerala, was the Chairman himself). The point is that while the Santhanam Committee also saw the institution of Lokpal and Lokayuktas as important, it never stopped anywhere there. It went far beyond it to recommend wide-ranging and comprehensive measures to end corruption.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;" /&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;And Jain concludes thus:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Thus   no matter what teeth we put into the Lokpal Bill or what coverage it  is  allowed in terms of the range of dignitaries who can be arraigned   before the Lokpal, it would make little impact on cleansing public life   of corruption if in the hearts of our public men it is inscribed:   'dharma does not live here any more'.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;I  refer to Jain's piece here only to make the point  that Lokpal was  never thought of in the Indian public and political  discourse as a  panacea to corruption, as Anna Hazare is making it out to be  now. There  were a series of measures that were discussed. Lokpal was  just one of  them. So, to say that the Left parties did not fight for  Lokpal earlier  is to look at history in a distorted manner, and to see  political  debates out of their historical context.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;" /&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;As  I said, it was only in the 1990s that big ticket corruption, and  that  too in short frequencies, began to hit India. The long list of  corruption cases that I  mentioned in the beginning of this post is  evidence. Even here, the Left  parties did bring attention to the  Lokpal, but they had a different  view on it. I will draw attention to  the &lt;i&gt;Frontline&lt;/i&gt; article of EMS  Namboodiripad dated May 18th, 1996.  It was titled "VIPs and  Prosecutions: An Alternative to Lokpal".  Interesting title, is it not?  Here, EMS is forthright in his view. He  writes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;The   appointment of a Lokpal and bringing the office of the Prime Minister   within the jurisdiction of the Lokpal is no solution for the widespread   corruption from which no VIP is free. The real solution is the equal   application of the law to VIPs and others. Fear of the law, the fear   that one may be caught by the investigating and prosecuting agencies, is   the only deterrent that will prevent VIPs from doing what they are now   doing...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After all, even if the Lokpal goes into the cases, the conclusion  that  he arrives at would only be the basis on which prosecutions will  start.  Why should, therefore, prosecutions wait for an enquiry by the  Lokpal?  Investigation and prosecution by the agencies concerned  constitute the  proper way to deal with VIPs as well as ordinary  citizens...&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is the alternative that is proposed here to the Congress proposal for a Lokpal Bill...&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The  heart of the suggestion made here is that VIPs should not be placed  on a  high pedestal, enjoying exemption from investigation and  prosecution.  Fear of ordinary investigating and prosecuting agencies  will alone deter  VIPs from what they have been and are continuing to  do.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;As  you can see, EMS did not put undue faith in the  supposed infallibility  of the Lokpal to end corruption. He, and the CPI  (M), put much more  emphasis on much more real, feasible and  effective ways of tackling  corruption. There was no magic bullet to end  corruption; that happens  to be Anna's view. Anna appears sure that Jan  Lokpal Bill will end 65  per cent of corruption in India, neither 64 nor  66!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;" /&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;The above continues to be the CPI(M)'s view even today. That is why the  opening statement of the &lt;a href="http://www.cpim.org/content/stand-lokpal"&gt;note that the CPI (M) has released on Lokpal Bill&lt;/a&gt;, dated 2nd July, reads:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;  The battle against corruption, in order to be effective today,  can be   achieved only through a comprehensive reform of our political, legal,   administrative and judicial systems and not through one-off or   piece-meal measures. The establishment of an effective Lokpal   institution is one such measure. This needs to be complemented by other   measures.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;I believe that the CPI (M)'s is a better, and more workable, version of  the Bill than the 2 main versions of the Bill in circulation (so is the NCPRI version, which is closer to the position of the CPI (M)).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt; It based on the following basic premise:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;The   separation of powers between legislature, executive and judiciary is a   part of the basic structure of the Constitution. The institution of   Lokpal should conform to this basic structure.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;But  who has the time  to discuss all that? Everybody is behind magic  bullets, which have  "popular appeal"! Populism is the king!!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-2648526310308930468?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/2648526310308930468/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/08/lokpal-corruption-lefts-struggles.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/2648526310308930468'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/2648526310308930468'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/08/lokpal-corruption-lefts-struggles.html' title='Lokpal, Corruption, the Left&apos;s struggles'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-5710822277210345241</id><published>2011-07-18T07:45:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2011-07-18T07:46:19.046+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='UID'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politics'/><title type='text'>Aadhaar: On a platform of myths</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;From today's &lt;i&gt;The Hindu&lt;/i&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h1 class="detail-title" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;Aadhaar: on a platform of myths&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3d85c6; font-size: large;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="author" style="color: #0b5394;"&gt;R. Ramakumar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;"It is said that the greatest enemy of truth is not the lie, but the myth. A democratic government should not undertake a project of the magnitude of Aadhaar from a platform of myths. The lesson from the U.K. experience is that myths perpetrated by governments can be exposed through consistent public campaigns. India direly needs a mass campaign that would expose the myths behind the Aadhaar project." &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Read it at: &lt;a href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article2236134.ece"&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article2236134.ece&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-5710822277210345241?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/5710822277210345241/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/07/aadhaar-on-platform-of-myths.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/5710822277210345241'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/5710822277210345241'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/07/aadhaar-on-platform-of-myths.html' title='Aadhaar: On a platform of myths'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-683212602234766429</id><published>2011-07-04T14:07:00.009+05:30</published><updated>2011-08-19T02:18:46.366+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kerala'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Economy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politics'/><title type='text'>Some thoughts on the decline of unemployment in Kerala</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;style type="text/css"&gt;p { margin-bottom: 0.21cm; }&lt;/style&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;R.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;In the &lt;a href="http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/06/blog-post.html"&gt;last post on this blog&lt;/a&gt;, we had looked at some data on the fall in unemployment rates in Kerala between 2004-05 and 2009-10. In this post, i would like to discuss some of the reasons as to why scholars thought unemployment rates were high in Kerala till 2004-05. Till then, Kerala had one of the highest unemployment rates in India. Let me make use of two important writings on the subject.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;1) Mridul Eapen (1992), “Fertility and Female Labour Force Participation In Kerala”, &lt;b&gt;Economic and Political Weekly&lt;/b&gt;, 27 (40), October 3, pp. 2179-2188.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2) T. M. Thomas Isaac (2000), “Women and Work”, in &lt;/span&gt;   &lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Studies on Status of  Women&lt;/b&gt;, State Planning Board, July, pp.21-74 (in Malayalam).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;style type="text/css"&gt;p { margin-bottom: 0.21cm; }&lt;/style&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;style type="text/css"&gt;p { margin-bottom: 0.21cm; }&lt;/style&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;First, it was argued that labour force participation rates (LFPRs) in Kerala are reduced by high levels of unemployment through a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;discouraged worker effect&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;, especially for females. For beginners, LFPR denotes the share of the labour force (i.e., workers plus the unemployed; "unemployed" is defined as those looking for work, but could not find one) to the population, expressed in percentage. Work participation rate (WPR) is defined as the percentage of total workers to the total population. Typically, a high rate of unemployment &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;discourages&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; people who search for jobs through a rise in the job search costs. High job search costs eventually push people out of the "labour force" as they stop looking for jobs. This phenomenon is referred to in the labour economics literature as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;discouraged worker effect&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;. Discouraged worker effect is thus defined as a situation where people who want a job, and are currently available for work, give up active job search because they believe they cannot find a job.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;Mridul Eapen argued that “high rates of unemployment have discouraged female entrants [into the labour force]…forcing them into economic inactivity or into marginal work or the type of work which escapes census enumeration”. Thomas Isaac argued that “unemployment rate among young women is high…Even after long waiting periods, majority of young women remain unemployed. Hence, they cease to be job seekers and confine themselves to their houses. As they cease to be job seekers, they are classified as to be out of the labour force by official surveys”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;One way to check for discouragement in work seeking from secondary data is to look at the relationship between economy-wide unemployment rates and LFPRs. LFPR, unlike WPR, includes those who are currently working and those who are actively looking for work. If there is an inverse relationship between unemployment rates and LFPRs over time, then it gives an indication that increasing unemployment is associated with more number of people ceasing to search for jobs. It would lend support to the argument that absence of jobs in the locality is forcing work seekers to opt out of the labour force. An analysis that I tried with NSS data for rural Kerala showed that such an inverse relationship was evident for women, but not for men: that is, in the long run, between 1972-73 and 1999-00, as the unemployment rate went up in the economy, female LFPRs declined.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second important reason noted for low work participation rates is the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;lack of employment opportunities that match the educational achievements of a job seeker&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;. A large proportion of unemployed persons in Kerala is educated, due to the spread of education across classes and castes in the post-1957 period. According to one estimate, 16.1 per cent of the educated unemployed in India belonged to Kerala in 1987-88. The most important effect of the spread of education on the labour market was the transformation of job expectations of the educated job seekers. As Chandan Mukherji and Thomas Isaac have noted in a study in 1991, the spread of education in Kerala created a definite preference for jobs in the formal service sector (see Chandan Mukherjee and T. M. Thomas Isaac (1991), “Study of Educated Unemployed in Kerala: Report of the Sample Survey of Restraints of Employment Exchange”, Planning Commission, New Delhi and Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram). The restricted number of jobs available in the formal sector led to a fall in WPRs, especially for women. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now, what appears to have happened in Kerala after 2004-05 is a reversal of both the above trends noted for earlier years. After 2004-05, the number of jobs created has risen and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;these new jobs appear to be those that were more compatible with the aspirations of the educated unemployed&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;. The fact that both the labour force and the work force have expanded show that more people have entered the labour force, and not just that, they were able to get jobs and thus, enter the work force also. So, the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;impact of the discouraged worker effect has also diminished&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; in the last 5-6 years. This was particularly so for women in both rural and urban areas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;How did this happen? We can have some preliminary arguments. There are three things that has happened in the last 5 years on the employment front in Kerala. And none of us can decompose it realistically to separate them and find individual effects. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First, there has been a major &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;effort to protect employment&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; in sectors where there historically was loss of employment, and thus a rise in unemployment rates. The two important examples here are the LDF's govt's efforts to protect employment in (a) the traditional industrial sector and (b) the public sector industries. These efforts made sure that employment does not fall in these sectors where it has always shown a tendency to fall. Let us call it a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;preventive&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; step.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Secondly, there was an effort to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;raise employment&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; through effective implementation of NREGS in specific regions and Kudumbashree. Both these are likely to have made a major impact on female employment. They are likely to have reduced the "discouraged worker effect" significantly and brought women in large numbers from outside the labour force into the labour force. This explains the rise in LFPRs and fall in unemployment rates. Let us call this a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;promotional&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; step.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thirdly, there is likely to have been an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;independent impact on jobs due to general economic growth&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;. If we decompose economic growth after 2005, we see that growth has come from industries (manufacturing) and services (construction, transport, storage and communication, trade, hotels and restaurants, banking and insurance and real estate). This is a result of growth domestically and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;not due to remittances&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;. There is enough evidence to show that it was only during two years (2008-09 and 2009-10) that remittances rose. In these 2 years, bank deposits have risen sharply, but it was largely because Non-Resident Keralites (NRKs) shifted deposits from foreign banks (that were crashing) into public sector domestic banks in India. It has already ended, and in 2010-11, deposits have already fallen. So, remittances have little to do with this. This form of growth is likely to have given rise to &lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;regular jobs&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;, and it is here that the impact on educated unemployment is likely to have been highest.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is some data to prove this point also. See the following table, that gives the share of employment by three categories, 1) self-employed (SE); 2) regular employment; and 3) casual employment, for 2004-05 and 2009-10.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Distribution of usually employed (principal+subsidiary)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;by category of employment, Kerala,2004-05 and 2009-10, in %&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;style type="text/css"&gt;p { margin-bottom: 0.21cm; }&lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OdvxOdmwLPg/ThF-wAPNyNI/AAAAAAAAAkE/xxXASc5GnRw/s1600/table.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="106" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OdvxOdmwLPg/ThF-wAPNyNI/AAAAAAAAAkE/xxXASc5GnRw/s400/table.JPG" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Source: NSS reports.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Here, we can clearly see that the &lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;share of regular employment has risen&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt; from 16% to 19% in rural areas and from 28.7% to 34.2% in urban areas. This is a sharp rise, and all this is likely to be educated/skilled employment. Look at the pattern that shows that this rise for women is more than for men. In particular, urban women (38% in 2004-05 to 48% in 2009-10). On the other hand, other processes at work (including NREGS, Kudumbashree and informal sector growth associated with growth in general) are likely to have contributed to the &lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;increase in the share of casual employment&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;. This has risen for rural women and urban men.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"&gt;What happened in India during the same period? In India as a whole, and in rural and urban areas, what has happened is that the work force itself has shrunk. Between 2004-05 and 2009-10, the worker-population ratio in India as a whole fell from 38 per cent to 36.5 per cent. In rural India, it fell from 39.1 per cent to 37.4 per cent. In urban India, it fell from 34.6 per cent to 33.9 per cent. On the other hand, the worker-population ratio in Kerala (as shown in Table 2 of &lt;a href="http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/06/blog-post.html"&gt;my last post&lt;/a&gt;) has increased between 2004-05 and 2009-10. This is the most important difference between India and Kerala, even though you see a small fall in unemployment rate for India as well.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So, the work force has not expanded in India at all in this period. It has expanded in Kerala; new people have entered the work force. Labour force (work force+unemployed) has also expanded, but work force has grown faster than labour force in Kerala. F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"&gt;or those interested in the all-India picture, here is Professor C. P. Chandrasekhar's blog entry in The Hindu website:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/Chandrasekhar/article2153082.ece" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/Chandrasekhar/article2153082.ece&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"&gt;Does it mean that Kerala is entering a new phase in its development? Is Kerala's jobless growth a history? What really gets questioned here is a basic assumption in Kerala studies till now: that the growth effects of Kerala spill out to other States and thus, jobs are not domestically created. This appears to be passe! A particular focus on the nature of growth can make sure that jobs are domestically created. The second half of the 2000s in Kerala appears to be a success story on that front. Only more intensive studies can unravel this phenomenon fully.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-683212602234766429?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/683212602234766429/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/07/some-thoughts-on-decline-of.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/683212602234766429'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/683212602234766429'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/07/some-thoughts-on-decline-of.html' title='Some thoughts on the decline of unemployment in Kerala'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OdvxOdmwLPg/ThF-wAPNyNI/AAAAAAAAAkE/xxXASc5GnRw/s72-c/table.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-4883572129403265404</id><published>2011-06-29T18:52:00.010+05:30</published><updated>2011-06-29T19:30:35.596+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kerala'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Economy'/><title type='text'>തൊഴിലില്ലാ-വളര്‍ച്ചക്ക്‌ അന്ത്യം: കേരളത്തില്‍ തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മ വന്‍ തോതില്‍ കുറഞ്ഞുവെന്നു കേന്ദ്ര സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ കണക്കുകള്‍</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ആര്‍&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;കഴിഞ്ഞ രണ്ടു ദശകങ്ങളായി കേരളം അഭിമുഖീകരിച്ചിരുന്ന ഏറ്റവും  വലിയ വികസന-പ്രശ്നമായ തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മ എല്‍ ഡി എഫ് സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ കാലത്ത്  വലിയ തോതില്‍ കുറഞ്ഞുവെന്നു കേന്ദ്ര സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ പുതിയ കണക്കുകള്‍  കാണിക്കുന്നു. നാഷണല്‍ സാമ്പിള്‍ സര്‍വേയുടെ (എന്‍ എസ് എസ്) 2009-10 ല്‍  നടത്തിയ 66 മത് റൌണ്ട് സര്‍വേയുടെ (തൊഴില്‍ സാഹചര്യങ്ങളെ സംബന്ധിച്ചു)  കണക്കുകളാണ് ഇപ്പോള്‍ പുറത്തു വന്നിരിക്കുന്നത്. എന്‍ എസ് എസ്സിന്റെ  ഏറ്റവുമടുത്ത പഴയ കണക്കു 2004-05 ല്‍ നടന്ന 61 മത് റൌണ്ട് സര്‍വെയുടെതാണ്.  2004-05 നും 2009-10 നും ഇടയ്ക്കു ഗ്രാമീണ മേഖലയിലെ തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മാ നിരക്ക്  15.8 ശതമാനത്തില്‍ നിന്നും 9 ശതമാനമായി കുറഞ്ഞു. ഇതേ കാലയളവില്‍, നഗര  മേഖലയിലെ തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മാ നിരക്ക് 19.9 ശതമാനത്തില്‍ നിന്നും 8.3 ശതമാനമായി  കുറഞ്ഞു. കഴിഞ്ഞ ഏകദേശം 20 കൊല്ലങ്ങള്‍ക്കുള്ളില്‍ ഇത്ര വലിയ തോതില്‍  കേരളത്തിലെ  തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മാ നിരക്ക് കുറഞ്ഞിട്ടില്ല. മാത്രമല്ല, പൊതുവില്‍,   തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മാ നിരക്ക് വര്‍ദ്ധിക്കുന്ന കാഴ്ച്ചയാണ് കഴിഞ്ഞ 20  കൊല്ലങ്ങളായി കേരളത്തില്‍ കണ്ടു വന്നിരുന്നത്. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;കേരളത്തിലുടനീളം, 326 ഗ്രാമങ്ങളിലും 232 നഗര ബ്ലോക്കുകളിലുമായി 4455  വീടുകളില്‍ നിന്നാണ് എന്‍ എസ് എസ് ഈ വിവരങ്ങള്‍ ശേഖരിച്ചത്. മൊത്തം 18061  വ്യക്തികളുടെ സാമ്പിളില്‍ നിന്നാണ് ഈ വിവരങ്ങള്‍ എന്‍ എസ് എസ്  ക്രോഡീകരിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത്. ഇവരില്‍ 8502  പുരുഷന്മാരും 9599 സ്ത്രീകളും ഉള്‍പ്പെടുന്നു. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1999-2000 വര്‍ഷം  നടന്ന 55-മത് റൗണ്ടിനും 2004-05 ല്‍ നടന്ന 61-മത്  റൗണ്ടിനും ഇടയ്ക്കു  തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മ വലിയ തോതില്‍ വര്‍ദ്ധിച്ചിരുന്നു എന്ന വസ്തുതയില്‍ നിന്നാണ്  പുതിയ കണക്കുകള്‍ക്ക്‌ വലിയ പ്രാധാന്യം കൈവരുന്നത്. ഗ്രാമീണ മേഖലയില്‍ 10.9  ശതമാനത്തില്‍ നിന്നും 15.8 ശതമാനമായും, നഗര മേഖലയില്‍ 12.5 ശതമാനത്തില്‍  നിന്നും 19.9 ശതമാനമായും ആണ് കൂടുതലും യു ഡി എഫ് ഭരിച്ചിരുന്ന ഈ  കാലയളവില്‍&amp;nbsp;തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മ വര്‍ദ്ധിച്ചത്. നേരെ മറിച്ചു, രണ്ടായിരമാണ്ടിന്റെ  രണ്ടാം പകുതിയില്‍, എല്‍ ഡി എഫ് സര്‍ക്കാരിന് കീഴില്‍ കേരളം കൈവരിച്ച  പത്തു ശതമാനം വളര്‍ച്ചാ നിരക്ക് വെറും തൊഴിലില്ലാ-വളര്‍ച്ച്ചയായിരുന്&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;നില്ലാ  എന്ന് പുതിയ കണക്കുകള്‍ കാണിക്കുന്നു. ഗ്രാമീണ മേഖലയിലുള്‍പ്പെടെ, വലിയ  തോതില്‍ തൊഴിലവസരങ്ങള്‍ സൃഷ്ട്ടിച്ച് കൊണ്ടുള്ള വളര്‍ച്ചയാണ് എല്‍ ഡി എഫ്  സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ കാലത്തുണ്ടായത് എന്ന് വ്യക്തം (&lt;i&gt;പട്ടിക ഒന്ന് കാണുക&lt;/i&gt;).&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt; പട്ടിക ഒന്ന് &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt; കേരളത്തിലെ തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മാ നിരക്കുകള്‍,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;1977-78 മുതല്‍ 2009-10 വരെ,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;എന്‍ എസ് എസ് കണക്കുകള്‍, % &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Th4IZLXK4to/Tgsm09FQ0fI/AAAAAAAAAkA/wdFVB-R_3Sg/s1600/table1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="140" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Th4IZLXK4to/Tgsm09FQ0fI/AAAAAAAAAkA/wdFVB-R_3Sg/s400/table1.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;അവലംബം&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;: എന്‍ എസ് എസ് റിപ്പോര്‍ട്ടുകള്‍;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;കണക്കുകളെല്ലാം എന്‍ എസ് എസ്സിന്റെ യൂഷ്വല്‍ സ്ടാട്ടസു&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;(പ്രിന്‍സിപ്പല്‍) നിര്‍വചനം അനുസരിച്ചു.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;സാമ്പത്തിക വളര്‍ച്ചയും തൊഴിലും &lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;കേരളത്തെ  സംബന്ധിച്ചു, രണ്ടായിരമാണ്ടിന്റെ രണ്ടാം പകുതിയുടെ ഒരു പ്രധാന പ്രത്യേകത  എടുത്തു പറയേണ്ടതാണ്. 2005 മുതലിങ്ങോട്ടുള്ള സാമ്പത്തിക വളര്‍ച്ചയുടെ  ചിത്രം തീര്‍ത്തും  അഭിവൃദ്ധിയുടെതാണ് എന്നതാണത്. പ്രതിവര്‍ഷം, ചരിത്രത്തിലില്ലാത്ത  വിധത്തില്‍,  10% എന്ന നിരക്കിലാണ് മൊത്തം സമ്പദ്ഘടന വളര്‍ന്നത്‌. അതായത്, ദേശീയ വളര്‍ച്ചാ നിരക്കിന്റെ മുകളില്‍. കൃഷി, വ്യവസായം, സേവനം എന്നീ എല്ലാ  മേഖലകളിലും വലിയ വളര്‍ച്ചയുണ്ടായി. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;കൃഷിയില്‍&lt;/b&gt;,  രണ്ടായിരമാണ്ടി&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;ന്റെ തുടക്കത്തിലെ വിലയിടിവിന്റെ കനത്ത ആഘാതത്തില്‍ നിന്നും  സംസ്ഥാനം മെല്ലെ കരകയറി തുടങ്ങി. കാര്‍ഷിക ഉത്പാദനം വീണ്ടും ഉയര്‍ന്നു  തുടങ്ങി. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;നെല്ലിന്റെ ഉത്പാദനം, പതിറ്റാണ്ടുകള്‍ക്ക് ശേഷം, വര്‍ദ്ധിക്കാന്‍  ആരംഭിച്ചു. വലിയ തോതില്‍ തരിശു ഭൂമികള്‍ കൃഷി ചെയ്യാനായി  ഏറ്റെടുക്കപ്പെട്ടിട്ടുണ്ട്. നാളികേരം, റബ്ബര്‍ തുടങ്ങിയ  വിലകളില്‍ വലിയ തോതിലുള്ള ഉത്പാദന വളര്‍ച്ചയാണ് ഈ&lt;/span&gt; ഘട്ടത്തില്‍  അനുഭവപ്പെട്ടത്. കാപ്പി, കുരുമുളക് എന്നിവയുടെ ഉത്പാദനവും ഉയര്‍ന്നു. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;വ്യവസായ മേഖലയില്‍&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;വലിയ  വളര്‍ച്ചയാണ് ഈ കാലയളവില്‍ കാണാന്‍ കഴിയുക. ശരാശരി, ഓരോ വര്‍ഷവും, 8.11  ശതമാനം എന്ന നിരക്കിലാണ് വ്യവസായ മേഖല ഈ കാലത്ത് വളര്‍ന്നത്‌.  പ്രത്യേകിച്ചും, എല്‍  ഡി എഫ് സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ കാലത്ത് പൊതുമേഖല വ്യവസായങ്ങളുടെ വളര്‍ച്ചയില്‍  ഉണ്ടായ അഭൂതപൂര്‍വമായ വളര്‍ച്ച, മൊത്തം വ്യവസായ വളര്‍ച്ചാ നിരക്കില്‍  വ്യക്തമായി പ്രതിഫലിക്കുന്നുണ്ട്. &lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;നഷ്ടത്തിലായിരുന്ന പൊതുമേഖലാ സ്ഥാപനങ്ങള്‍  ലാഭത്തിലാക്കിയ എല്‍ ഡി എഫ് സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ കേന്ദ്ര സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ   സ്വകാര്യവല്‍ക്കരണ പ്രത്യയശാസ്ത്രത്തിനു ചുട്ട മറുപടി നല്‍കുകയായിരുന്നു. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;ചുരുക്കത്തില്‍, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;പുതിയ വന്‍കിട വ്യവസായ  സ്ഥാപനങ്ങള്‍ സ്ഥാപിക്കപ്പെട്ടത് കൊണ്ടല്ല, മറിച്ചു നിലവിലുള്ളവയുടെ  ഉത്പാദന ശേഷി കൂടുതല്‍ വിനിയോഗിക്കപ്പെട്ടത്‌ കൊണ്ടാണ് ഈ  വളര്‍ച്ച്ചയുണ്ടായിട്ടുള്ളത്. ചെറുകിട വ്യവസായ മേഖലയിലും ശ്രദ്ധേയമായ  വളര്‍ച്ച ഉണ്ടായിട്ടുണ്ട്. യഥാര്‍ഥത്തില്‍, അസന്ഘടിത മേഖലയിലെ വളര്‍ച്ച  സംഘടിത മേഖലയിലെക്കാള്‍ ഉയര്‍ന്നതാണ്. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;പുതിയ  വളര്‍ച്ചാ മേഖലകളായ ഐ ടി, ടൂറിസം &lt;/span&gt;രംഗങ്ങളിലും &lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;വലിയ ഉണര്‍വുണ്ടാക്കാന്‍  സാധിച്ചു. കേരളത്തിലെ നിക്ഷേപ അന്തരീക്ഷം ഏറെ മെച്ചപ്പെടുത്താനും &lt;/span&gt;എല്‍ ഡി എഫ് സര്‍ക്കാരിന് സാധിച്ചിരുന്നു&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;അഭൂതപൂര്‍വമായ വളര്‍ച്ച ഉണ്ടായിട്ടുള്ളത് &lt;b&gt;സേവന മേഖലയിലാണ്&lt;/b&gt;. പ്രതിവര്‍ഷം  12.6 ശതമാനം  എന്ന നിരക്കിലാണ് സേവന മേഖല 2005 നു ശേഷം വളര്‍ന്നിട്ടുള്ളത്. ഇത്  തന്നെയാണ് പൊതുവില്‍ ഈ ഘട്ടത്തിലെ സാമ്പത്തിക വളര്‍ച്ചയുടെ ആണിക്കല്ലും.  2005 നു ശേഷം നിര്‍മ്മാണ മേഖല വളര്‍ന്നത്‌ പ്രതിവര്‍ഷം 14.8 ശതമാനം  എന്ന  നിരക്കിലാണ്. ഗതാഗതവും വാര്‍ത്താവിനിമയവും 14 ശതമാനം  വേഗതയില്‍ ഉയര്‍ന്നു.  വ്യാപാരം, ബാങ്കിങ്ങ്, റിയല്‍ എസ്റ്റെറ്റു എന്നിവ 12 ശതമാനം നിരക്കിലാണ്  വളര്‍ന്നത്‌.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ഈ വളര്‍ച്ചയൊക്കെ തന്നെ, മുന്‍കാലങ്ങളിലെന്ന പോലെ  തൊഴിലവസരങ്ങള്‍ വര്‍ധിപ്പിക്കാത്ത വളര്‍ച്ചയായിരുന്നില്ല എന്ന് ഇപ്പോള്‍  ബോധ്യമാവുന്നു. വളര്‍ച്ച തൊഴിലവസരങ്ങള്‍ കൂട്ടി എന്ന് മാത്രമല്ല,  തൊഴിലവസരങ്ങള്‍ വര്‍ദ്ധിപ്പിക്കാന്‍ എല്‍ ഡി എഫ് സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ ഏറ്റെടുത്തു  നടത്തിയ പല പരിപാടികളുടെയും വിജയം ഈ കണക്കുകളില്‍ തെളിഞ്ഞു കാണാം.  ഉദാഹരണത്തിന്, രാജ്യത്തിന്‌ തന്നെ മാതൃകയായി നടപ്പിലാക്കിയ തൊഴിലുറപ്പ്  പദ്ധതി, വനിതകളുടെ തൊഴിലവസരങ്ങള്‍ ഏറെ വര്‍ദ്ധിപ്പിച്ച കുടുംബശ്രീ എന്നിവ  ചൂണ്ടിക്കാട്ടാം. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;മൊത്തം തൊഴില്‍ സാധ്യതകളുടെ വളര്‍ച്ച&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2004-05  നും 2009-10 നും ഇടയ്ക്കു തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മ കുറഞ്ഞു എന്ന് മാത്രമല്ല, മൊത്തം  ജനസന്ഖ്യയില്‍ തൊഴിലെടുക്കുന്നവരുടെ ശതമാനവും വര്‍ധിച്ചു (പട്ടിക രണ്ടു കാണുക).  ഗ്രാമീണ മേഖലയില്‍, 2004-05 നും 2009-10 നും ഇടയ്ക്കു, മൊത്തം  ജനസന്ഖ്യയില്‍ തൊഴിലെടുക്കുന്നവര്‍ 34.3 ശതമാനത്തില്‍ നിന്നും ഉയര്‍ന്നു  35.4 ശതമാനമായി. അതേ സമയത്ത്, നഗര മേഖലയില്‍, മൊത്തം ജനസന്ഖ്യയില്‍  തൊഴിലെടുക്കുന്നവര്‍ 32.9 ശതമാനത്തില്‍ നിന്നും ഉയര്‍ന്നു 34.4 ശതമാനമായി.  അതായത്, മൊത്തം തൊഴിലെടുക്കുന്നവരുടെ എണ്ണത്തില്‍ തന്നെ വലിയ വര്‍ധനവ്‌  ഉണ്ടായിട്ടുണ്ട്. പുതിയ പുതിയ തൊഴിലവസരങ്ങള്‍ സൃഷ്ട്ടിക്കപ്പെട്ടു എന്നും,  അങ്ങിനെ കൂടുതല്‍ പേര്‍ തൊഴില്‍ സേനയിലേക്ക് പ്രവേശിച്ചു എന്നും  ഇതിനര്‍ത്ഥം. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;പട്ടിക രണ്ടു&lt;br /&gt;മൊത്തം ജനസന്ഖ്യയില്‍ തൊഴിലെടുക്കുന്നവരുടെ &lt;br /&gt;ശതമാനം, കേരളം, 2004-05 മുതല്‍ 2009-10 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; width: 260px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: #D9D9D9; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;Region&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: #D9D9D9; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;2004-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: #D9D9D9; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 102); border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;Rural&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="background-color: #ffff66; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 59pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;34.3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="background-color: #ffff66; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;35.4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: #D9D9D9; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;Rural male&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;52.4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;55.0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: #D9D9D9; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;Rural female&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;17.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;17.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 102); border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;Urban&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="background-color: #ffff66; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 59pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;32.9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="background-color: #ffff66; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;34.4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: #D9D9D9; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;Urban male&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;51.4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;53.4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: #D9D9D9; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;Urban female&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;14.9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;17.1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: #D9D9D9; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;35.1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: #D9D9D9; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;Total male&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;54.5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="background: #D9D9D9; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;Total female&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="79"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"&gt;&lt;div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;17.5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt; &lt;/table&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;അവലംബം&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;: എന്‍ എസ് എസ് റിപ്പോര്‍ട്ടുകള്‍; &lt;br /&gt;കണക്കുകളെല്ലാം എന്‍ എസ് എസ്സിന്റെ യൂഷ്വല്‍ സ്ടാട്ടസു &lt;br /&gt;(പ്രിന്‍സിപ്പല്‍) നിര്‍വചനം അനുസരിച്ചു.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;കേരളത്തിന്റെ ഈ വികസനനേട്ടം സ്ത്രീകള്‍ക്കും പുരുഷന്മാര്‍ക്കും ഒരു പോലെ  ഗുണം ചെയ്തു എന്നും കണക്കുകള്‍ കാണിക്കുന്നു (പട്ടിക ഒന്ന് കാണുക). ഗ്രാമീണ  മേഖലയില്‍, 2004-05 നും 2009-10 നും ഇടയ്ക്കു, സ്ത്രീകളുടെ   തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മാ നിരക്ക് 30.9 ശതമാനത്തില്‍ നിന്നും കുറഞ്ഞു 21.0 ശതമാനമായി.  നഗര മേഖലയില്‍ സ്ത്രീകളുടെ   തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മാ നിരക്ക് 42.9 ശതമാനത്തില്‍ നിന്നും കുറഞ്ഞു 19.8 ശതമാനമായി.  കേരളത്തിലെ സ്ത്രീകളുടെ തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മാ നിരക്കില്‍ ഇത്ര അഭൂതപൂര്‍വമായ ഇടിവ് ചരിത്രത്തില്‍ ഉണ്ടായിട്ടില്ലാത്തതാണ്. 1999-2000 ഉം 2004-05 നും  ഇടയ്ക്കു ഗ്രാമീണ സ്ത്രീകളുടെ  തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മാ നിരക്ക് 19.7 ശതമാനത്തില്‍  നിന്നും ഉയര്‍ന്നു 30.9 ശതമാനമായിരുന്നു. ഒപ്പം, നഗര മേഖലയിലെ സ്ത്രീകളുടെ   തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മാ നിരക്ക് 26.4 ശതമാനത്തില്‍ നിന്നും ഉയര്‍ന്നു 42.9  ശതമാനവും ആയിരുന്നു. ഇത്ര വലിയ തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മാ വര്‍ധനവിനെ പിന്തള്ളി  കൊണ്ടാണ് കഴിഞ്ഞ അഞ്ചു വര്‍ഷക്കാലത്തെ തൊഴില്‍-രംഗത്തെ നേട്ടങ്ങളുടെ പുതിയ  കണക്കുകള്‍ പുറത്തു വന്നിരിക്കുന്നത്.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;strike&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strike&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-4883572129403265404?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/4883572129403265404/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/06/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/4883572129403265404'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/4883572129403265404'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/06/blog-post.html' title='തൊഴിലില്ലാ-വളര്‍ച്ചക്ക്‌ അന്ത്യം: കേരളത്തില്‍ തൊഴിലില്ലായ്മ വന്‍ തോതില്‍ കുറഞ്ഞുവെന്നു കേന്ദ്ര സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ കണക്കുകള്‍'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Th4IZLXK4to/Tgsm09FQ0fI/AAAAAAAAAkA/wdFVB-R_3Sg/s72-c/table1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-7764221350751267415</id><published>2011-05-10T20:52:00.005+05:30</published><updated>2011-05-10T21:05:52.850+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kerala'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politics'/><title type='text'>On why the Asianet-C Fore got it wrong with opinion polls</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;Asianet's post-poll survey vindicates my critique of their second opinion poll, made in &lt;a href="http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/04/biases-in-second-asianet-c-fore-opinion.html"&gt;an earlier post in this blog&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is about what went wrong with the Asianet-C Fore opinion polls telecast on 31st March 2011. Asianet-C Fore's second opinion  poll had stated the following on vote shares:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;UDF: 46 per cent&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;LDF: 41 per cent&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;BJP: 9 per cent&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Others: 4 per cent&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Based on this, they predicted that:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;UDF will win 80-90 seats&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;LDF will win 50-60 seats&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;BJP will win up to 2 seats&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Now, &lt;a href="http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/04/biases-in-second-asianet-c-fore-opinion.html"&gt;I had argued that&lt;/a&gt; these results are flawed, because there probably was a major bias in sampling.  This bias was evident when we looked at community-wise vote shares of  2011 and compared them with 2004 and 2009 post-poll surveys conducted as  part of the National  Election Study (NES) of Lokniti in New Delhi. In comparison with the NES  surveys, the community-wise shift in votes in the Asianet-C Fore survey were extremely surprising.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now, the &lt;u&gt;post-poll&lt;/u&gt; results of  the same Asianet-C Fore group (telecast today) show very different trends. Here are some  quick numbers that are avaialable now. I will keep filling up the gaps  tonight.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7eWhzvFvT2g/TclZdQ3YSfI/AAAAAAAAAi0/-AsMa8rMikQ/s1600/post-poll-table.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="121" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7eWhzvFvT2g/TclZdQ3YSfI/AAAAAAAAAi0/-AsMa8rMikQ/s400/post-poll-table.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;(Click to enlarge)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;See the comparisons shaded &lt;span style="color: #e69138;"&gt;in orange&lt;/span&gt;. Compared to the opinion  polls of Asianet-C Fore, the vote share among upper caste Hindus of&amp;nbsp; the  UDF has fallen from 60 per cent to 46 per cent. Among Muslims, the UDF  vote share has fallen from 70 per cent to 50 per cent. Among Christians,  the vote share of UDF has been stagnant. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In other words, the 2nd opinion poll of Asianet-C Fore had, indeed,  a bad sample; they had probably oversampled from upper caste Hindu voters, who traditionally favour the UDF. &lt;a href="http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/04/biases-in-second-asianet-c-fore-opinion.html"&gt;My point&lt;/a&gt; in the earlier post was the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;"How  did such a large share of Hindu upper caste voters decide to vote  against both UDF and LDF, and in favour of Others, just over a period of  one month? Was there a deliberately induced bias in the second survey? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;All  these unexplainable trends show that serious questions can be raised  regarding the randomness of the sample used in the Asianet-C Fore  survey." &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;It appears now that Asianet-C Fore have now accepted that it was a terrible sample they had for the opinion polls. Thus, Asianet-C Fore have now, in their post-poll survey results,  revised down the UDF tally from 80-90 seats to 72-82 seats. The LDF  tally has risen from 50-60 seats to 58-68 seats. The reason for this is  that due to a probably better sample this time, the vote share of LDF has risen  from 41 per cent to 43 per cent. The vote share of UDF has fallen from  46 per cent to 44 per cent.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now, let  us move into the trends of the CSDS surveys. The final CSDS results are  yet to come in, but we have some inidcators. These, a comparison of 2009  and 2011, are in &lt;span style="color: lime;"&gt;green shade&lt;/span&gt;. First, a good movement of Ezhava votes  into the LDF side; and secondly, a small fall in the UDF vote shares among  Muslims and Christians. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So, if there is a wave in CSDS surveys, it is a small one towards  the LDF. Is it enough in terms of seats to carry it beyond 71? They say,  probably Yes. However, they have chosen to call it a too-close-to-call verdict, and given the  LDF 46 per cent votes and 69-77 seats. UDF gets 45 per cent votes and  63-71 seats. There are no error rates given, but I trust Rajeeva  Karandikar here. It is indeed too close to call. 46/45 vote share is indeed a  dreadful sight for a statistician.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So, if there is a wave towards the LDF, what is its objective basis? The CNN-Week-CSDS poll argues that it is the development-record of the LDF government. &lt;a href="http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kerala-surprise-ldf-ahead-by-a-nose/151892-37-64.html"&gt;They say&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;"&lt;u&gt;The edge that LDF seems to enjoy is because of&lt;/u&gt; the good  work it has done in the field of electricity supply, drinking water,  quality of education in government schools and medical facilities in  government hospitals. While an overwhelming 83 per cent of voters are  satisfied with the Achuthanandan government on the issue of electricity;  drinking water (74 per cent satisfied), education in government schools  (73 per cent satisfied), facilities in government hospitals (72  per  cent satisfied) give the Front some breathing space vis a vis the UDF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even  of the law and order front the government has done a decent job with 70  per cent of voters of giving their thumbs up despite the rise of  fundamentalist groups in the last few years."&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See their detailed results below.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="2011 Kerala Assembly Elections Exit Poll Results" border="0" height="266" src="http://ns.ibnlive.in.com/embeds/img/1105/17-ldf-assessment-last-5-yrs-kl-exit-polls-100511.gif" width="400" /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="2011 Kerala Assembly Elections Exit Poll Results" border="0" height="266" src="http://ns.ibnlive.in.com/embeds/img/1105/18-awareness-of-scams-kl-exit-polls-100511.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="2011 Kerala Assembly Elections Exit Poll Results" border="0" height="266" src="http://ns.ibnlive.in.com/embeds/img/1105/19-public-opinion-major-controversies-kl-exit-polls-100511.gif" width="400" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All figures from http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kerala-surprise-ldf-ahead-by-a-nose/151892-37-64.html&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-7764221350751267415?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/7764221350751267415/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/05/on-why-asianet-c-fore-got-it-wrong-with.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/7764221350751267415'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/7764221350751267415'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/05/on-why-asianet-c-fore-got-it-wrong-with.html' title='On why the Asianet-C Fore got it wrong with opinion polls'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7eWhzvFvT2g/TclZdQ3YSfI/AAAAAAAAAi0/-AsMa8rMikQ/s72-c/post-poll-table.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-3309676092522414710</id><published>2011-04-29T14:34:00.004+05:30</published><updated>2011-04-29T14:51:02.732+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kerala'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='science'/><title type='text'>Why should Endosulfan be banned?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An excellent summary of the current position regarding Endosulfan and its global ban, by Dr K. P. Aravindan, Professor of Pathology, Calicut Medical College..&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;===============================&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;There has been a lot of concern in the last few decades regarding organic chemicals that do not degrade, but persist and accumulate in the environment. These Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are mostly organochlorine pesticides, but also include others like polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dioxins. The worry is that the accumulation would adversely affect marine and other life. There is plenty of evidence regarding this.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-a8aH043sixY/TbqCO51IzQI/AAAAAAAAAiQ/5tnFfJNvBZM/s1600/Endosulfan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-a8aH043sixY/TbqCO51IzQI/AAAAAAAAAiQ/5tnFfJNvBZM/s320/Endosulfan.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It was initially thought that Endosulfan - an organochlorine pesticide - degrades in the environment. In fact, the website of Excel Cropcare Ltd - the biggest producer of Endosulfan in the world - proclaims that “it is safe to use on parasites and predators and does not leave persistent residues in the environment – soil, plants and water”. This is now scientifically known to be untrue. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) says in its 2002 document “based on environmental fate, laboratory studies, terrestrial field dissipation studies, available models, monitoring studies, and published literature, it can be concluded that Endosulfan is a very persistent chemical which may stay in the environment for lengthy periods of time, particularly in acid media’’. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Endosulfan does fulfil several of the criteria under the &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;UNEP Stockholm Convention&lt;/i&gt; for designation as a POP. The alpha- and beta-isomer have similar physical-chemical properties and environmental behaviour to some of the obsolete organochlorine pesticides, although an assessment of their persistence and toxicity should be viewed alongside Endosulfan Sulfate, as ‘Sigmaendosulfan’. Persistence of ‘Sigmaendosulfan’, coupled with the continued use of endosulfan pesticides, will ensure continued long-range transport and contamination of remote environments like the Arctic. (Weber &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., “Endosulfan, A Global Pesticide: A Review of its Fate in the Environment and Occurrence in the Arctic”, &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;Sci Total Environ.&lt;/i&gt; 2010 Jul 1;408(15):2966-84.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9x_3F1oe8VE/TbqCPe-Ki-I/AAAAAAAAAiU/LvL_VUB8qDw/s1600/Endosulfan-cartoon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9x_3F1oe8VE/TbqCPe-Ki-I/AAAAAAAAAiU/LvL_VUB8qDw/s320/Endosulfan-cartoon.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are many studies of organochlorine insecticides, including Endosulfan, acting as Endocrine disruptors. This means that these chemicals affect hormone levels including the reproductive hormones. Infertility, abortion, aberrant secondary sexual characteristics during adolescence and so on could result as surmised from extrapolations of animal studies. Obesity and Type 2 diabetes are some of the other problems shown in experimental animals exposed to prolonged low doses of these chemicals. The link between POPs and these diseases in human populations are coming to light now (Lee &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., “Low Dose Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls Predict Obesity, Dyslipidemia, and Insulin Resistance among People Free of Diabetes”, &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;PLoS One&lt;/i&gt;. 2011;6(1):e15977). Studies have shown correlation between exposure to hormone disruptors during foetal development resulting in incomplete and deformed reproductive systems, reduced fertility and compromised immune systems in wildlife and impaired mental development, learning difficulties, hyperactivity and clear cell vaginal cancer in humans.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Endosulfan was sprayed through the aerial route on a heavily populated region in Kasargode, in effect contaminating their drinking water and food. This went on for two decades. Here was virtually an experiment, only difference was that it was being done on a human population. So, would the predictions hold true? What is the scientific evidence of the ill effects of hormone disruption?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-X6VRN_CAwBw/TbqCRqViCYI/AAAAAAAAAiY/sapt2_JGhKw/s1600/spraying.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="219" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-X6VRN_CAwBw/TbqCRqViCYI/AAAAAAAAAiY/sapt2_JGhKw/s320/spraying.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Representational only)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;There have been three epidemiological studies done in the area. A small pilot study done by KSSP in 2001 in 153 households in the epicentre of Enmakaje panchayat compared to 441 households in the relatively less affected areas. This was followed by a well designed study conducted by the National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH) an ICMR research institute in 2002-3 (Saiyed &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., “Effect of Endosulfan on Male Reproductive Development”, &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;Environ Health Perspect.&lt;/i&gt;, 2003 Dec;111(16):1958-62). Recently there has been another study done by the Community Medicine Department of the Calicut Medical College. All the three studies have reached near identical conclusions pointing to the effects of severe hormone disruption in this population.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;There has been no scientific refutation of these studies. There was a ham handed attempt by a committee headed by O.P. Dubey to discredit the NIOH report. However, as I have pointed out earlier, this committee does not know even elementary statistics. Now, the Gujarat government has come forward with another committee report trying to trash the NIOH (incidentally located in Gujarat) study. This is mere rehash of the Dubey report and is prompted by the need to protect the pesticide companies and is a plain hatchet job. The scientifically inclined reader can judge this trash which is available at http://www.gujhealth.gov.in/Portal/News/59_1_endosulfan-report.pdf.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Forgetting Dubey and Gujarat government and coming back to serious science, is the Kasargode experience a one-off affair due to very faulty application of science? Definitely, such things can happen again with some other pesticide being sprayed on people's heads incessantly. But remember that in case of persistent pollutants, their levels may build up in the environment and once it has been shown to be an endocrine disruptor in humans, there is no other way out than withdrawing it from the market. This is not all. Now reports are appearing that even without aerial spraying, human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals can cause pre-natal risk factors for undescended testes and hypospadias. A nested case control study from Spain shows exactly this. (Fernandez &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., “Human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and prenatal risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias: a nested case-control study”, &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;Environ Health Perspect&lt;/i&gt;. 2007;115 Suppl 1:8-14).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;I have written this long note to clarify on whose side good science is. On the one hand, you have an array of peer-reviewed literature and a cogent argument combining basic science, epidemiology, biological plausibility, and warning of risk and need for caution. What do you have on the other? Dubious Dubeys and Modi-appointed spokespersons for the pesticide lobby? What scientific literature is there in their hands that would persuade us to throw caution to the winds?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;So this is not a fight between motivated politicians and screaming environmentalists versus scientists and rational arguers. This is between good science versus lies and propaganda dished out by an industry out to make the last few bucks from a doomed chemical.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-3309676092522414710?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/3309676092522414710/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/04/why-should-endosulfan-be-banned.html#comment-form' title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/3309676092522414710'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/3309676092522414710'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/04/why-should-endosulfan-be-banned.html' title='Why should Endosulfan be banned?'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-a8aH043sixY/TbqCO51IzQI/AAAAAAAAAiQ/5tnFfJNvBZM/s72-c/Endosulfan.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-411807271542188184</id><published>2011-04-21T23:18:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2011-04-21T23:18:23.549+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Economy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politics'/><title type='text'>Corruption and Economists...</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Some of you might have seen the new working paper authored by Kaushik Basu, the Chief Economic Advisor of the Ministry of Finance on corruption.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Read it here: http://finmin.nic.in/WorkingPaper/Act_Giving_Bribe_Legal.pdf&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="218" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;The major argument in the working paper is that "we should declare the act of giving a bribe in all such cases as legitimate activity. In other words the giver of a harassment bribe should have full immunity from any punitive action by the state...It is argued that this will cause a sharp decline in the incidence of bribery."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Now, in today's The Hindu, P. Sainath has sharply come down on this paper.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Read it here: http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/sainath/article1712689.ece&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;All this reminded me of a famous case in the  early-1990s. The case of Harvard economists, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;Andrei  Schleifer and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;Robert Vishny. They have written the basic neo-classical piece on  corruption, titled just "Corruption", published in The Quarterl&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt;y  Journal of Economics (August 1993). This famous Vishny-Schleifer paper  has a very important conclusion, which is just the same as Basu's:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt;"the  illegality of corruption and the need for secrecy make it much more  distortionary and costly than its sister activity, taxation. These  results may explain why, in some less developed countries, corruption is  so high and so costly for development"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt;See &lt;a href="http://qed.econ.queensu.ca/pub/faculty/lloyd-ellis/econ435/readings/corruption.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span&gt;http://qed.econ.queensu.ca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;&lt;span class="word_break"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;/pub/faculty/lloyd-ellis/e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;&lt;span class="word_break"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;con435/readings/corruption&lt;/span&gt;&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;&lt;span class="word_break"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.pdf&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now,  this paper had an inspiration. That was Schleifer's own work in  post-1991 USSR. Schleifer, a Russian born emigrant economist, was  recruited specially by Jeffrey Sachs from Harvard to navigate the  privatisation process in the Soviet Union in 1991-92. Schleifer, just 35  then, was called as the leader of the "Harvard Mafia" that led the  privatisation programme in USSR. With Jonathan Hay (a Harvard Law  graduate). Schleifer was selected specially because he knew Russian.  Then comes the paper of 1993.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://alaskakid.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/andrei-shleifer.jpg?w=228&amp;amp;h=300" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://alaskakid.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/andrei-shleifer.jpg?w=228&amp;amp;h=300" width="152" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Andrei Schliefer&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt;Alas! What happened to Schleifer  after that is interesting. With privatisation of assets, corruption in  Russia went up like mountains over mountains. Schleifer had a wife,  Nancy Zimmerman, who was a hedge-fund manager. She travelled with him to  Russia. These two are supposed to have indulged in one of the most  serious "insider-trading" corruption charges in post-1991 Russia. The US  government had a contract with Harvard, which drove the US-directed  reform process in Russia. One element in this contract was that no  member would invest in anything financial in Russia. Schleifer, the team leader,  was the first to violate this contract. For instance:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt;"In 1994,  Shleifer and Zimmerman, with the help and advice of Leonard Blavatnik, a  New York-based Russian emigrant and a member of the Forbes 400, placed  $200,000 in a Blavatnik vehicle called Renova-Invest, which invested in a  group of Russian corporations that were being privatized under  Shleifer's guidance" (&lt;a href="http://janinewedel.info/harvardinvestigative_InstInvestorMag.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span&gt;http://janinewedel.info/ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;&lt;span class="word_break"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;rvardinvestigative_InstInv&lt;/span&gt;&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;&lt;span class="word_break"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;estorMag.pdf&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt;Many  cases like this surfaced over time, and in the 2000s, the US Supreme  Court ruled that Harvard had violated the contract with the US  government and had conspired to defraud the US government. He was  convicted by the US Supreme Court in 2004.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt;"However, later in  2004 the government announced that Zimmerman's firm had agreed to pay  $1.5 million in a settlement. A year later Harvard agreed to pay the  largest amount in its history to settle a lawsuit -- $26.5 million.  Shleifer agreed to pay $2 million, Hay between $1 million and $2  million" (&lt;a href="http://janinewedel.info/harvardinvestigative_InstInvestorMag.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span&gt;http://janinewedel.info/ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;&lt;span class="word_break"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;rvardinvestigative_InstInv&lt;/span&gt;&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;&lt;span class="word_break"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;estorMag.pdf&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt;So much, for a famous "theoretical" paper on corruption and its "application"!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span data-jsid="text"&gt;&lt;span class="text_exposed_show"&gt;Amen...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-411807271542188184?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/411807271542188184/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/04/corruption-and-economists.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/411807271542188184'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/411807271542188184'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/04/corruption-and-economists.html' title='Corruption and Economists...'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-9078218884532747545</id><published>2011-04-13T23:51:00.003+05:30</published><updated>2011-04-14T00:04:29.170+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politics'/><title type='text'>The anti-politics machine</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Relaxing, post-elections... &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Thus, in the midst of all the politician-bashing &lt;i&gt;a la&lt;/i&gt; Anna Hazare, I went and re-read this lovely essay, by A. G. Noorani. He wrote this in the wake of a similar anti-politician wave after 26/11. He says:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;"Neither politics nor the politician deserves sweeping censure. That is an abdication of public duty. That duty requires of all of us an unremitting, earnest, and serious interest in the affairs of the nation – whether by participating in the political process or by informed interest and if possible public comment. Delivering sound bites to ignorant anchors is sheer self-indulgence and a debasement of public discourse. That, alas, is very much part of the widespread phenomenon of dumbing down – itself a reflection of the decline of the public realm."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Read it at: &lt;a href="http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2602/stories/20090130260207900.htm"&gt;http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2602/stories/20090130260207900.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-9078218884532747545?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/9078218884532747545/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/04/anti-politics-machine.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/9078218884532747545'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/9078218884532747545'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/04/anti-politics-machine.html' title='The anti-politics machine'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-5676473614983068371</id><published>2011-04-02T16:30:00.007+05:30</published><updated>2011-04-03T00:05:38.266+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kerala'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politics'/><title type='text'>Biases in the second Asianet-C Fore opinion polls in Kerala</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;R. Ramakumar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Asianet-C  Fore has come up with a controversial set of estimates in their second  opinion poll in the run up to the Kerala Assembly elections 2011. There  are several problems in the results of the opinion poll, and it appears that many criticisms against the survey are  justified. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;The results of the SECOND SURVEY show a major change in vote shares and seats from the earlier survey conducted by Asianet-C Fore. On March 9&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;, Asianet-C Fore published results of the FIRST SURVEY that showed that&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;UDF will win 77-87 seats&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;LDF will win 53-63 seats&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;BJP will win up to 5 seats&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Further, the vote shares of each party were the following:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;UDF: 43 per cent&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;LDF: 39 per cent&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;BJP and others: 18 per cent&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The new results of the SECOND SURVEY that were shown on March 31&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; show a very different picture. This new survey shows that,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;UDF will win 80-90 seats&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;LDF will win 50-60 seats&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;BJP will win up to 2 seats&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Further, the vote shares were the following:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;UDF: 46 per cent&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;LDF: 41 per cent&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;BJP: 9 per cent&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Others: 4 per cent&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Here, what is interesting is that even while the vote share of the LDF has gone up by 2 per cent, the number of predicted seats for LDF comes down by about 3. Here is where, as we shall argue below, the robustness of the prediction model and the randomness of the sample can be called into serious question. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;In any psephology survey, there are different typical steps, each of which could be affected by margins of errors. &lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;First&lt;/b&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;randomly&lt;/u&gt; select a sample set of constituencies for the survey. Here, it is important to know whether the sample of constituencies is randomly selected or purposively selected. Some may argue that if randomly selected, the diversity of electoral regions may not be captured. However, if purposively selected, the “purpose” and its rationale need to be publicised and justified.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;Secondly&lt;/b&gt;, within these constituencies, you &lt;u&gt;randomly&lt;/u&gt; select a set of voters. Here again, two sets of errors can enter. There could be a sampling error, which could be the outcome of the choice of the sampling design itself. There could also be a non-sampling error, which arises from errors in measurement and recording of data.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;Thirdly&lt;/b&gt;, to &lt;u&gt;compute vote shares&lt;/u&gt;, you use a suitable model of voting behaviour using past data in conjunction with the vote shares computed from sample opinion surveys. That is, you have baseline information (from the previous election) with the vote share of each party and who won how many seats. Based on this past information and the results of the present opinion poll, you estimate a “swing” for each party. Using this &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;state-level swing &lt;/i&gt;factor will give you the estimate for the state-wide share of votes for each party. You can also compute &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;swings in regions&lt;/i&gt; within the state – i.e., for Malabar, central Kerala and south Kerala. Here, of course, the major possible source of error lies in the assumption of uniform swing factors across states or regions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;Fourthly&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;u&gt;number of predicted seats&lt;/u&gt; is arrived at from these vote shares. It is here that the maximum possibility of error lies. Let me take a common method used, which I borrow from the well-known statistician and psephologist Rajeeva Karandikar. After assuming that the swing factor is constant across a region and the state, you further assume that the swing in one seat is a convex combination of the &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;state-level swing&lt;/i&gt; and the &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;region-level swing&lt;/i&gt;. A convex combination is a linear combination of points, where all coefficients are non-negative and sum up to 1. Based on this swing factor for each seat, you arrive at &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;winning probabilities&lt;/i&gt; of success for each candidate. A sum of probabilities of each UDF/LDF candidate in each seat will give you the total number of seats for UDF/LDF in the state as a whole.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;However, most survey agencies never publicise the exact method of transforming vote shares into number of seats. It is always a black box, except in a few rare instances. For example, in 1998, the Frontline-APT Research Group opinion poll in Tamil Nadu publicised the details of its methodology of converting vote shares into number of seats. This survey used a modified version (to suit Indian realities) of the “Cube Law” for this purpose; the Cube Law states that if the vote shares of two parties ‘A’ and ‘B’ are ‘a’ and ‘b’, their seats will be in the ratio a&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; to b&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. In most cases of opinion polls, the actual method remains unknown. &lt;a href="http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1505/15051270.htm"&gt;According to Professor Venkatesh Athreya&lt;/a&gt;, a close observer of opinion polls,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin: 0in 22pt 0.0001pt 0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;"&gt;In our first-past-the-post electoral system, an element of judgment is inevitable in moving from vote share forecasts to seat predictions, since there is no one-to-one correspondence between the two. Factors such as the degree of geographical concentration of a political formation's voter support, the degree of polarity in the electoral contest (whether a contest is bipolar, tripolar or even more multipolar) and the complexity (both on paper and in practice) of the electoral adjustments worked out are all crucial to determining the extent to which an increase in vote share translates into an increase in seats. This particular aspect needs to be borne in mind when evaluating or utilising opinion poll survey results.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;In the Asianet-C Fore survey, only sketchy details of the methodology used are given. Asianet-C Fore had done a first survey in the month of February 2011, and the methodological details of that survey are available. I give below the only details that they have provided:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin: 0in 22pt 0.0001pt 0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;"&gt;C fore (Centre for Forecasting &amp;amp; Research) conducted the [first] pre-poll survey between 23&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; February and 7&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; March, 2011 in Kerala. In all, 6112 voters were interviewed using a structured questionnaire from 40 assembly constituencies using systematic random sampling method. In each constituency 5 urban and 15 rural locations were selected. For every location, a starting point was selected randomly in north, south, east and west direction. From each starting point right hand rule was followed and one person (above 18 years of age) was interviewed from a household with interval of 10 households. Thus, in all, polling was conducted in 200 urban and 600 rural localities in the state. Care was taken to ensure that different castes and communities were represented in the sample in their actual proportion. The survey has a margin of error of 1 percentage point at 90 percent confidence level.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;It is not clear if the same methodology was followed for the second survey also. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Further, there are no details of (a) whether the 40 constituencies were selected randomly or purposely; (b) whether regional considerations were taken into account while selecting the 40 constituencies; (c) how care was taken to ensure that different castes and communities are represented in the sample; and (d) what method was used to convert votes shares into seats. What are also missing are scenarios, which give details of changes in predictions in the face of errors in the prediction of swings.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Given these handicaps, it is extremely difficult to comment on the results of the Asianet-C Fore survey. This is because, as explained before, the robustness of the model and randomness of the sample are critical in the prediction of the number of seats. If the sample is not random (both the sample of &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;constituencies&lt;/i&gt; and the sample of &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;voters&lt;/i&gt;), results can go haywire. If the prediction model is sensitive to small shifts, results can go bizarre. From what we know of the results of Asianet-C Fore, these errors could be large. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Below, I list some of the serious anomalies in the results. Here, I shall use the post-poll results from two earlier elections in Kerala – 2004 and 2009 – to compare the nature of shifts that the 2011 results throw up. The 2004 and 2009 surveys were conducted as part of the National Election Study (NES) of Lokniti in New Delhi. In comparison with the NES surveys, the community-wise shift in votes in the Asianet-C Fore survey is extremely surprising (see Tables 1, 2 and 3 below). For instance, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Compared to 2004 Parliament elections, the upper caste Hindu vote share of LDF has fallen from 40 per cent to 13 per cent.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;While the share among Ezhavas has increased for the LDF (from 58 per cent in 2004 to 68 per cent in 2011), the share among Hindu OBCs has fallen from 52 per cent in 2004 to 42 per cent in 2011. How can the share of Ezhava votes for the LDF increase and share of Hindu OBC votes for the LDF fall, both so significantly? For the Hindu OBCs, the vote share for the UDF has increased from 17 per cent in 2004 to 41 per cent in 2011.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Among Dalits, the vote share of LDF in 2004 was 72 per cent and in 2009 was 69 per cent, according to NES. However, the Asianet survey shows that it has fallen to 50 per cent in 2011.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;No survey anywhere in Kerala has shown till now that the vote share among upper-caste Hindus and Syrian Christians is higher for BJP and others than the LDF. The survey is saying that a non-UD/non-LDF combination can net in more votes among Syrian Christians than LDF. This appears to be an extraordinarily mistaken result that defies common sense. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Garamond&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;TABLE 1 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY (NES) RESULTS FOR 2004, KERALA, in per cent&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableSimple1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;"&gt;   &lt;td rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" width="169"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Caste/Religion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid green 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid green .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 268.15pt;" width="358"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Share for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.0pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;LDF&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;UDF&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;BJP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Others&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" width="169"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Hindu upper caste&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.0pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;43&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" width="169"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Nairs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.0pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;42&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;84&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" width="169"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Ezhavas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.0pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;58&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" width="169"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;OBCs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.0pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;52&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;75&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" width="169"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Dalits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.0pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;72&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;87&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" width="169"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Muslims&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.0pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;41&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;140&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 126.9pt;" width="169"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Christians&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.0pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;31&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;62&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.05pt;" width="89"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;214&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt; &lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Source: National Election Study, 2004, weighted data set.&lt;/div&gt;&amp;nbsp;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;TABLE 2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY (NES) RESULTS FOR 2009, KERALA, in per cent&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableSimple1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100.0%;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.0pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid green .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.66%;" width="21%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Caste/Religion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid green .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 15.54%;" width="15%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Share for LDF&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid green .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.38%;" valign="top" width="23%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Swing for LDF from 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid green .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 15.58%;" width="15%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Share for UDF&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid green 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid green .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.84%;" valign="top" width="23%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Swing for UDF from 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.66%;" width="21%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Nairs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 15.54%;" width="15%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.38%;" valign="top" width="23%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 15.58%;" width="15%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;33&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.84%;" valign="top" width="23%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;+4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.66%;" width="21%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Ezhavas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 15.54%;" width="15%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.38%;" valign="top" width="23%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 15.58%;" width="15%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.84%;" valign="top" width="23%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;+5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.66%;" width="21%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Dalits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 15.54%;" width="15%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;69&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.38%;" valign="top" width="23%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;-5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 15.58%;" width="15%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.84%;" valign="top" width="23%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;+5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.66%;" width="21%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Muslims&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 15.54%;" width="15%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.38%;" valign="top" width="23%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;-3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 15.58%;" width="15%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;69&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.84%;" valign="top" width="23%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;-2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.66%;" width="21%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Christians&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 15.54%;" width="15%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.38%;" valign="top" width="23%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;-15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 15.58%;" width="15%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;69&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.84%;" valign="top" width="23%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;+13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;Source: National Election Study, 2009, weighted data set.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;TABLE 3&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;ASIANET-C Fore RESULTS OF THE SECOND SURVEY, 2011, KERALA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableSimple1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100.0%;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;"&gt;   &lt;td rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.7%;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Caste/Religion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.3%;" width="61%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Share (%) for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.42%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;LDF&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;UDF&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;BJP &amp;amp; Others&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.7%;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Hindu upper caste&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.42%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.7%;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Ezhavas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.42%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;68&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.7%;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Hindu OBCs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.42%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;41&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;19&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.7%;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Dalits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.42%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;34&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.7%;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Syrian Christians&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.42%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;77&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.7%;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Other Christians&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.42%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;73&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.7%;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Muslims&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.42%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;23&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;70&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt; &lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Source: Asianet&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;There is further evidence of bias in the second Asianet-C Fore survey. Let us compare the results of the first survey and second survey. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4;"&gt;In the first survey, among      Hindu upper caste voters, 65 per cent would vote for UDF, 22 per cent would      vote for LDF and 13 per cent would vote for Others (see Table 4 below).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal"&gt;However, in the second      survey, among      Hindu upper caste voters, 60 per cent would vote for UDF, 13 per cent would vote for LDF and      27 per cent would vote for Others (see Table 3 above).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;TABLE 4&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;ASIANET-C Fore RESULTS OF THE FIRST SURVEY, 2011, KERALA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableSimple1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100.0%;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;"&gt;   &lt;td rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.7%;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Caste/Religion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.3%;" width="61%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Share (%) for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.42%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;LDF&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;UDF&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;BJP &amp;amp; Others&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.7%;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Hindu upper caste&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.42%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;65&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.7%;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Ezhavas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.42%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;47&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;35&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.7%;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Hindu OBCs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.42%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;42&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;37&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.7%;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Dalits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.42%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;54&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;31&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.7%;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Syrian Christians&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.42%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;70&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.7%;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Other Christians&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.42%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;68&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.7%;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;Muslims&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.42%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;72&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.44%;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 15pt;"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt; &lt;/table&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Garamond&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Source: Asianet&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;How did such a large share of Hindu upper caste voters decide to vote against both UDF and LDF, and in favour of Others, just over a period of one month? Was there a deliberately induced bias in the second survey? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;All these unexplainable trends show that serious questions can be raised regarding the randomness of the sample used in the Asianet-C Fore survey. Further, given that the same survey shows that the candidate’s personal qualities are important in voting patterns and that “political affiliations” are less important, would the assumption of a state-level or region-level swing be appropriate? Is that a safe assumption? It appears no, and this further reaffirms the doubt that the sampling is not quite random as it should be.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Robust psephology, as pioneers in the field would tell you, requires good statistics, lots of common sense and a good understanding of ground realities (“domain knowledge”). The Asianet-C Fore survey appears lacking in all three. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;In addition, the results of other opinion polls appear at variance with Asianet-C Fore’s. The Institute for Monitoring Economic Growth (IMEG) has announced its opinion poll results. On the positive side, &lt;a href="http://www.imegkerala.org/"&gt;more details are available from IMEG&lt;/a&gt; regarding methodology than Asianet-C Fore:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 20.2pt 0in 0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;കഴിഞ്ഞ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;മൂന്നു&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;പൊതു&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പുകളിലും&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഏറണാകുളം&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഉപ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;തെരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പിലും&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഐമഗ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;നടത്തിയ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;വിജയകരമായ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;പഠനങ്ങളില്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;നിന്നും&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;കുറെ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;കൂടി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;മെച്ചപ്പെട്ട&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;മേതോഡോളജിയാണ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഈ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;സര്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;വെയില്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഉപയോഗിച്ചത്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;മൂന്ന്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;തരം&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;സര്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;വേകളുടെ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;pooled result&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ആണ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഈ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;അഭിപ്രായ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;വോട്ടെടുപ്പിന്റെ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഫലം&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ആദ്ധ്യത്തേതു, മുന്നണികളോടുള്ള കൂറും&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;കൂറ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;മാറ്റവും&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;അടങ്ങിയ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; swing &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;സര്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;വ്വേയും&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;രണ്ടാമത്തേത്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;കേന്ദ്ര&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;സംസ്ഥാന&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഭരണങ്ങളെ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;കുറിച്ചുള്ള&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;വോട്ടര്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;മാരുടെ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;അഭിപ്രായവും&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;വോട്ടര്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;മാര്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;വായിക്കുന്ന&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;പത്രങ്ങള്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;വാര്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ത്തകള്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;കാണുന്ന&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ടെലിവിഷന്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ചാനലുകള്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;,  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഇവയും&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;വോട്ടര്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;മാരുടെ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;രാഷ്ട്രീയ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ചായവും&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;തമ്മിലുള്ള&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;correlation&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഉം&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;വോട്ടര്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;മാരുടെ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;കമ്പ്യൂട്ടര്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഇന്റര്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;നെറ്റ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‌&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;താല്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;പ്പര്യങ്ങളും&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;അടങ്ങുന്നതുമാണ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;മൂന്നാമത്തെയിനം&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;നേരിട്ടുള്ള&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;അഭിപ്രായ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;സര്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;വെയാണ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;കേരളത്തിലെ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;140&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;മണ്ഡലങ്ങളിലെ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;തിരഞ്ഞെടുക്കപ്പെട്ട&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;വാര്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഡുകളിലെ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;റാണ്ടമായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;തിരഞ്ഞെടുക്കപ്പെട്ട&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;വീടുകളില്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;നിന്നും&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;UDF, LDF, BJP&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;മറ്റു&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;പ്രമുഖ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;കക്ഷികള്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഇവരില്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ആര്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ക്കാണ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;വോട്ടു&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ചെയ്യാന്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഉദ്ദേശിക്കുന്നത്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;എന്ന്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;രഹസ്യമായി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;രേഖപ്പെടുത്താന്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;സ്ലിപ്പ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;നല്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;കുകയും&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;പ്രസ്തുത&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;സ്ലിപ്പില്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;അഭിപ്രായം&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;രേഖപ്പെടുത്തി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;സീല്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ചെയ്തു&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;പ്രത്യേകം&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;തയ്യാറാക്കുന്ന&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;കവറുകളില്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;നിക്ഷേപിക്കുന്ന&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;രീതിയാണ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഇതോടൊപ്പം&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;തന്നെ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;matching sample&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;കളില്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;എല്ലാ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;നിയോജക&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;മണ്ഡലങ്ങളിലും&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;IMEG faculty&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;അംഗങ്ങള്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;നേരിട്ട്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;hit-and-run survey&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;യും&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;നടത്തി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഇവ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;മൂന്നും&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ചേര്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ന്നതാണ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;സര്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;വേ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഫലം&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 20.2pt 0in 0.25in;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 20.2pt 0in 0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;മൂന്നു&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;പഠനങ്ങളിലും&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;കൂടി&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ആകെ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; 59,678 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;പേരെയാണ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;സര്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;വെയില്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഐമഗ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ടീം&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;കണ്ടത്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഈ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;പഠനങ്ങളിലെ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;സാംബ്ലിംഗ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;എറര്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; (SE) 2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ശതമാനമാണ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;എന്നും&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;നോണ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;സാംബ്ലിംഗ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;എറര്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ഒരു&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ശതമാനമാണ്&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;എന്നും&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;കണക്കാക്കാം&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Here, the claim is that all 140 constituencies were covered as in a census, and there was no sampling of constituencies. This does appear to be needless effort to “spread resources thin”; as &lt;a href="http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1505/15051270.htm"&gt;Venkatesh Athreya has&lt;/a&gt; noted:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin: 0in 20.2pt 0.0001pt 0.25in;"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;"&gt;A priori&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;"&gt;, results from surveys with a significantly larger number of sample constituencies may be regarded as more robust. This is in some ways more important than the size of the sample in terms of the number of respondents &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;per se&lt;/i&gt;, provided of course that the latter does not go below a critical minimum figure. It must be noted, however, that increasing the number of sample constituencies beyond a critical minimum size also does not yield much greater precision in vote share estimates.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Yet, given that the sample size of voters is also higher in the IMEG survey, &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;ceteris paribus&lt;/i&gt;, it appears to have higher reliability than the Asianet-C-Fore survey.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;The IMEG survey results reveal that the UDF may win in 72-82 seats, while the LDF may get 58-68 Assembly seats. The BJP has very little chance to open an account, even though they may improve their position. It also observes that there is very strong contest in 20 assembly segments, where the results can go either way. This finding on 20 seats should have forced IMEG to make it a too-close-to-call prediction. Despite the fact that they have still gone ahead and predicted till the last mile, this result appears to be more realistic than Asianet-C Fore’s, partly because of the larger spread of constituencies (all 140, as compared to 40) and partly because of the larger sample size (59,678 as compared to 6,112). &lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;A third survey result has been reported by an agency called Centre for Electoral Studies (CES), financed fully by Asianet. However, Asianet has been trying to underplay the results of this survey and overplay its predictions with C-Fore. Asianet has even refused to scroll these results in the news bar, though it did allow 9 minutes during its News Hour show for a discussion on this survey. According to Dr Syam Lal, who is attached to CES, the sample size of voters was 3625 from 35 constituencies. 105 respondents were selected from each constituency on the basis of systematic random sampling method from 3 polling stations selected again on systematic random sampling method. Voter preferences were elicited through an actual mock ballot. The 35 constituencies were selected on the basis of probability proportionate to size sampling method. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;The CES survey also shows results very different from Asianet-C-Fore’s. According to the CES, the difference in vote shares between the LDF and UDF is extremely narrow; the UDF has a vote share of 44.9 per cent, while the LDF has a vote share of 44.3 per cent. Accordingly the seat predictions move much in favour of the LDF: the LDF would get 64 to 70 seats, while the UDF would get 70 to 76 seats. This represents an extremely close finish, with slight margins of error becoming capable of tilting the balance either way. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;On the balance, the results of Asianet-C Fore are at great variance with both the IMEG survey and the CES survey. Protests have already arisen in Kerala against the second Asianet-C Fore survey, alleging that it is politically motivated. One argument is that given Asianet’s BJP connection (its leading shareholder Rajeev Chandrasekhar is close to the BJP), the agency might have over-sampled from constituencies where the BJP has a stronger presence. The results, thus, show a 9 per cent vote share for the BJP in the State, which is highly unrealistic. This could have also led to biased estimates regarding how different communities vote; in regions where the BJP is strong, their major vote-base is the Hindu upper castes, mainly Nairs. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;"&gt;Of course, the final verdict is in the hands of voters. Only time would tell if Asianet-C Fore predictions are correct or not. However, opinion polls do have an influence in deciding voter’s decisions. Hence, it is important that the full methodological details of these surveys are put in the public domain by the agencies concerned. Asianet-C Fore appear less forthcoming in doing so and this does raise doubts. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-5676473614983068371?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/5676473614983068371/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/04/biases-in-second-asianet-c-fore-opinion.html#comment-form' title='8 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/5676473614983068371'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/5676473614983068371'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/04/biases-in-second-asianet-c-fore-opinion.html' title='Biases in the second Asianet-C Fore opinion polls in Kerala'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>8</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-544236385826853943</id><published>2011-03-09T17:26:00.004+05:30</published><updated>2011-04-02T14:34:48.091+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Economy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politics'/><title type='text'>On the union budget and agriculture</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;Wrote this for the latest issue of Frontline:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tmdbHT9p2ws/TXdsKxzpWzI/AAAAAAAAAhQ/cLfJul8mhUw/s1600/newfline.jpg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5582049195573467954" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tmdbHT9p2ws/TXdsKxzpWzI/AAAAAAAAAhQ/cLfJul8mhUw/s320/newfline.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 23px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 173px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VUJbamv7r1U/TXdsAUzdEbI/AAAAAAAAAhI/0qMOjS5-i6k/s1600/newfline.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="leftnavi" style="color: red; font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;COVER STORY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="storyhead" style="color: blue; font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;                  In farmer's name                                                                                                                                         &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;                                                  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;R. RAMAKUMAR &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;The policy is to promote specific high-value segments within  agriculture, where corporate houses have major profit interests.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.flonnet.com/fl2806/stories/20110325280601000.htm" style="color: #ff6666; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Read on...click here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-544236385826853943?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/544236385826853943/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/03/on-union-budget-and-agriculture.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/544236385826853943'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/544236385826853943'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/03/on-union-budget-and-agriculture.html' title='On the union budget and agriculture'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tmdbHT9p2ws/TXdsKxzpWzI/AAAAAAAAAhQ/cLfJul8mhUw/s72-c/newfline.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-4881239411521835377</id><published>2011-02-28T20:17:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2011-02-28T20:41:22.451+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Economy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='UPA-Left'/><title type='text'>A Budget for the Rich</title><content type='html'>R. Ramakumar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Budget 2011-12 marks a sharp retreat of the government from the social and economic sectors. It has cut back expenditures in sectors that matter to common people, especially the poor. On the other hand, it has given huge concessions to the corporate sector in the form of tax cuts and exemptions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Let us take the overall fiscal stance of the budget. The underlying strategy is to reduce its fiscal deficit to 3.5 per cent and revenue deficit to 2.1 per cent by 2013-14. For this purpose, it has rolling targets for every intervening year. In 2010-11, the fiscal deficit was 5.1 per cent. Thus, fiscal deficit would fall by 1.6 per cent between 2010-11 and 2013-14. During the same period, the Gross Tax Revenue is projected to rise from 10 per cent to 11.3 per cent of the GDP, a rise by just 1.3 per cent. In other words, there has to be a continuous cutback in expenditures between 2010-11 and 2013-14.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Budget 2011-12 begins this process in earnest. It has sharply cut total expenditure, as a share of the GDP, from 15.4 per cent in 2010-11 to 13.7 per cent in 2011-12 (assuming that nominal GDP grows at 17 per cent in 2011-12). Within total expenditure, revenue expenditure would fall from 13.4 per cent to 11.9 per cent of the GDP and capital expenditure would fall from 1.7 per cent to 1.6 per cent of the GDP.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The cut in expenditures as a share of GDP is set to apply across a large number of sectors. The largest cut has been on subsidies. If we take “major subsidies”, the expenditure is set to fall from Rs 154,212 crore in 2010-11 to Rs 134,411 crore in 2011-12. In relative terms, this would mean a fall from 2 per cent to 1.5 per cent of the GDP. Within major subsidies, the sharpest cut has been in petroleum subsidy, by Rs 14,746 crore. Fertiliser subsidy has been cut by Rs 4,978 crore. Without doubt, a major rise in fertilizer prices can be expected in 2011-12, as the government would move into a nutrient-based subsidy (NBS) regime for urea too. Costs of cultivation are set to rise, when millions of farmers face distress.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Food subsidy has been cut by Rs 27 crore. At a time when food inflation continues to be high, the government has refused to use the public distribution system (PDS) to provide food to the poor at affordable prices. In the light of the absolute cut in spending, the sincerity of UPA-2 in bringing in a meaningful food security bill stands in serious doubt. Clearly, the effort of the government is to dismantle the PDS in a phased manner and introduce food coupons or direct cash transfers (as Economic Survey 2010-11 demands). This marks a clear retreat of the state from its vital social welfare functions, and its transformation from a direct provider to an indirect provider. The budget has announced similar intent in the case of subsidies in kerosene and fertilizers also.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are major problems associated with moving into a direct cash transfer scheme while distributing subsidies. Leaving them apart, how will the government provide direct cash assistance? On this, the budget harps all hopes on an extraordinarily ambitious and faultily designed Aadhaar project. The Aadhaar project still does not have a feasibility report in place. Privacy concerns apart, it remains unclear whether biometric technology is capable of the gigantic task of de-duplication among a population of over one billion. The Unique Identification Authority of India’s (UIDAI) “Biometrics Standards Committee” itself has noted that over 15 per cent of the Indian population (or over 150 million persons) may not be able to enroll for a UID number due to poor quality fingerprints. In other words, the scheme to directly provide subsidies to people is based on a project with an unproven technology and unknown cost.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The withdrawal of the government is visible in several other sectors too. Let us take revenue expenditures under “social services”. The fall in expenditure on social services is by 4.8 per cent between 2010-11 and 2011-12; there was an absolute fall of Rs 5,295 crore. In almost every sub-sector within social services, the growth rate of expenditure between 2010-11 and 2011-12 is lower than between 2009-10 and 2010-11. In “social security and welfare”, expenditure is set to fall by a whopping Rs 15,184 crore.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are absolute falls in revenue expenditures in “economic services” also. Between 2010-11 and 2011-12, the revenue expenditure on all economic services is set to fall by Rs 17,731 crore. Within economic services, the largest cuts are to be in “agriculture and allied services”; the revenue expenditure on agriculture is to fall in absolute terms by Rs 5,568 crore. Within agriculture, the largest fall is to be in crop husbandry, with an absolute cut of Rs 4,477 crore. “Rural employment” is a category within economic services, which includes MGNREGS. Here, the revenue expenditure is to fall by Rs 100 crore. Given the grandiose announcement regarding linkage of MGNREGS wages to the price index, this cutback leaves one in deep doubt about the seriousness with which UPA-2 views the scheme.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While “subsidies” for the poor are cut, there has been a shower of “incentives” on the corporate sector. The total revenue foregone, by way of direct and indirect tax exemptions, was Rs 4.82 lakh crore in 2009-10; this rose to 5.11 lakh crore in 2010-11, of which Rs 88,263 crore was for the corporate sector. In 2010-11, revenue worth Rs 11,501 crore was lost on account of deduction of export profits to software technology parks; another Rs 5,555 crore was lost on SEZs. When we compare this with the cut in expenditures in crucial social and economic sectors, the class bias of the government is fully revealed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Budget 2011-12 is not for the aam aadmi, leave alone the poor. The chant of the mantra of inclusiveness is just rhetoric.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(written for Asian Age, 01-03-2011)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-4881239411521835377?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/4881239411521835377/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/02/budget-for-rich.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/4881239411521835377'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/4881239411521835377'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/02/budget-for-rich.html' title='A Budget for the Rich'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-5197190982381928536</id><published>2011-02-26T00:03:00.002+05:30</published><updated>2011-02-26T00:06:46.703+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kerala'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='UID'/><title type='text'>ആധാര്‍ പദ്ധതി അടിച്ചേല്‍പ്പിക്കില്ല : മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/images/globe.jpg" width="156" border="0" height="115" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table style="border-collapse: collapse;" vspace="5" align="left" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" height="100" hspace="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="center" align="middle"&gt;         &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;/tr&gt;         &lt;/tbody&gt;       &lt;/table&gt;       &lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;"  &gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:MLBW-TTKarthika,Meera,AnjaliOldLipi;font-size:100%;"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:MLBW-TTKarthika, Meera, AnjaliOldLipi;font-size:100%;"&gt;ഓരോ പൌരനും പന്ത്രണ്ട് അക്കമുളള സവിശേഷ തിരിച്ചറിയല്‍ കാര്‍ഡ് നല്കുന്ന  കേന്ദ്ര സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ ആധാര്‍ പദ്ധതി സംസ്ഥാനത്ത്  അടിച്ചേല്‍പ്പിക്കില്ലെന്ന് മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി വി.എസ്.അച്യുതാനന്ദന്‍ പറഞ്ഞു.  കേരളത്തില്‍ ആധാര്‍ പദ്ധതിയുടെ ആരംഭവും അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര സ്വതന്ത്ര  സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര്‍ കേന്ദ്രത്തിന്റെയും ഉദ്ഘാടനം നിര്‍വഹിക്കുകയായിരുന്നു  മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി.  വ്യക്തിയുടെ അനുമതിയില്ലാതെ കേരളത്തില്‍ ആധാറിനാവശ്യമായ  വിവരശേഖരണം സംസ്ഥാന സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ നടത്തില്ല.  ഈ പദ്ധതി എന്താണെന്നും ഇതിന്റെ  ഗുണദോഷവശങ്ങള്‍ എന്തെല്ലാമാണെന്നും പൊതുജനങ്ങളെ അറിയിക്കുന്നതിനാവശ്യമായ  നടപടികളും സംസ്ഥാന സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ കൈക്കൊളളും.  സംസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ ആവശ്യം  അംഗീകരിച്ച് ആധാര്‍ പൂര്‍ണ്ണമായും സ്വതന്ത്ര സോഫ്റ്റ് വെയറിലേക്ക്  കേന്ദ്രസര്‍ക്കാര്‍ മാറ്റിയെന്നും മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി പറഞ്ഞു.  &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;ചടങ്ങില്‍ മേയര്‍ കെ.ചന്ദ്രിക അധ്യക്ഷയായി.  സംസ്ഥാന ഐ.ടി മിഷന്‍  ഡയറക്ടര്‍ ഇഷിതാ റോയ്, യു.ഐ.ഡി.എ.ഐ ഡപ്യൂട്ടി ഡയറക്ടര്‍ അശോക് നല്‍വായ്,  കൌണ്‍സിലര്‍മാരായ പാളയം രാജന്‍, ലീലാമ്മ ഐസക്  സംബന്ധിച്ചു.  തിരുവനന്തപുരം ടെക്നോപാര്‍ക്കിലാണ് അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര സ്വതന്ത്ര സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര്‍  കേന്ദ്രം ആരംഭിച്ചു.   അക്ഷയയും കെല്‍ട്രോണും ഐ.ടി @സ്കൂളും ചേര്‍ന്ന്  സംസ്ഥാന ഐ.ടി മിഷന്റെ കീഴില്‍ തദ്ദേശസ്വയംഭരണ സ്ഥാപനങ്ങളുടെ  സഹകരണത്തോടെയാണ് സംസ്ഥാനത്ത് ആധാര്‍ പദ്ധതി നടപ്പാക്കുന്നത്.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:85%;"  &gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:MLBW-TTKarthika,Meera,AnjaliOldLipi;font-size:100%;"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dated 25th February 2011&lt;br /&gt;http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/news/shonws.php?tnd=15&amp;amp;tnn=109097&amp;amp;ln=Directorate,%20Thiruvananthapuram&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-5197190982381928536?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/5197190982381928536/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_26.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/5197190982381928536'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/5197190982381928536'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_26.html' title='ആധാര്‍ പദ്ധതി അടിച്ചേല്‍പ്പിക്കില്ല : മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-8361458644122167170</id><published>2011-02-10T18:56:00.007+05:30</published><updated>2011-02-26T00:03:15.841+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kerala'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Economy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politics'/><title type='text'>ആധുനിക കേരളത്തിനു ഒരു ആധുനിക ബജറ്റ്</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ആര്‍ രാംകുമാര്‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;ഒരു സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ ബജറ്റ് എന്ന് പറയുന്നത് ആ സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ പൊതു നയത്തെ  മാത്രമല്ല പ്രതിനിധാനം ചെയ്യുന്നത്. അതാതു കാലത്തെ സാമ്പത്തിക അവസ്ഥയോടുള്ള  സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ സക്രിയമായിട്ടുള്ള പ്രതികരണവുമാണ് ഓരോ ബജറ്റും.  അതിലുമുപരി, ഡോ. തോമസ്‌ ഐസക്ക് അവതരിപ്പിച്ച "&lt;b&gt;ബജറ്റ് 2011-12&lt;/b&gt;" 2006  ല്‍ അധികാരത്തില്‍ വന്ന എല്‍ ഡി എഫ് സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ അവസാന ബജറ്റ്  കൂടിയായിരുന്നു. അങ്ങിനെ മൊത്തത്തില്‍, തന്റെ ആദ്യ ബജറ്റ് മുതല്‍  പ്രഖ്യാപിക്കപ്പെട്ടിട്ടുള്ള നടപടികള്‍ എത്ര മാത്രം പുരോഗമിച്ചു എന്ന  പരിശോധനയും, ഒപ്പം നിലവിലുള്ള സാമ്പത്തിക അവസ്ഥയുടെ വീക്ഷണകോണില്‍ നിന്നും  ഭാവിയിലേക്കുള്ള പ്രയാണത്തെ ഈ സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ എങ്ങിനെ നോക്കി കാണുന്നു എന്ന  പ്രസ്താവനയും ബജറ്റില്‍ നിന്നും ജനങ്ങള്‍ പ്രതീക്ഷിച്ചിരുന്നു.  അത്തരത്തില്‍ പരിശോധിച്ചാല്‍, 2011-12 വര്‍ഷത്തേക്കുള്ള ഡോ.  തോമസ്‌ ഐസക്കിന്റെ ബജറ്റ് രാഷ്ട്രീയപരമായും ആക്കാദമികപരമായും അങ്ങേയറ്റം  ശ്രദ്ധയര്‍ഹിക്കുന്ന ഒന്നാണ്.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;എല്‍ ഡി എഫ് സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ  പൊതു നയവും ബജറ്റും&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2006  ല്‍ എല്‍ ഡി എഫ് സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ അധികാരത്തില്‍ വന്നത് അങ്ങേയറ്റം കുഴഞ്ഞു  മറിഞ്ഞ രാഷ്ട്രീയ-സാമ്പത്തിക ചുറ്റുപാടുകളില്‍ ആയിരുന്നു. &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;ചുരുക്കത്തില്‍, ഐക്യകേരളപിറവിക്കു ശേഷം സംസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ പുരോഗമന വികസന പ്രക്രിയക്കെതിരെ  നടന്ന ഏറ്റവും ക്രൂരമായ  ആക്രമണത്തില്‍ മുറിവേറ്റ കേരളത്തെ വീണ്ടും  വികസനത്തിന്റെയും ക്ഷേമത്തിന്റെയും സാമൂഹ്യ നീതിയുടെയും പാതയിലേക്ക്  തിരിച്ചെത്തിക്കുക എന്ന ദൌത്യമാണ് അന്ന് സര്‍ക്കാരിന് ഏറ്റെടുക്കേണ്ടി വന്നത്. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;1990  കല്‍ മുതല്‍ ആരംഭിച്ച   സാമ്രാജ്വത്ത ആഗോളവല്‍ക്കരണം കേരളത്തിന്റെ ചരിത്രപരമായ സാമൂഹ്യ-വികസന  നേട്ടങ്ങളെ പുറകോട്ടടിക്കും എന്ന ആശങ്ക പരക്കെ നിലനിന്നിരുന്ന ഒരു  ഘട്ടമായിരുന്നു അത്.  കേന്ദ്ര സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ നവ-ലിബറല്‍ നയങ്ങള്‍ കേരളത്തിന്റെ  കാര്‍ഷിക-പരമ്പരാഗത മേഖലകളെ വലിയ പ്രതിസന്ധിയിലാഴ്ത്തിയിരുന്നു.  കേരളത്തില്‍ ആഗോളവല്‍ക്കരണ-നവലിബറല്‍ നയങ്ങള്‍ നടപ്പിലാക്കാന്‍  തുനിഞ്ഞ യു ഡി എഫ് സര്‍ക്കാരിനെതിരെ ജനരോഷം അലയടിച്ചു നിന്നിരുന്നു. ഒരു  ഫെഡറല്‍ ചട്ടക്കൂടില്‍ നിന്ന് കൊണ്ടു തന്നെ, അതിന്റെ  പരിമിതികള്‍ക്കുള്ളില്‍ നിന്ന് കൊണ്ടു തന്നെ, ആഗോളവല്‍ക്കരണം ഉയര്‍ത്തിയ  വെല്ലുവിളിയെ എങ്ങിനെ നേരിടാം എന്ന ചര്‍ച്ച ഇടതുപക്ഷം ശക്തമായി  ഉയര്‍ത്തിയതു ഈ സമയത്തായിരുന്നു. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;"കഴിഞ്ഞകാല  നേട്ടങ്ങള്‍ നിലനിര്‍ത്തുക,  ഒപ്പം ഭാവിയിലേക്കുള്ള പുതിയ പാത തെളിക്കുക", എന്നീ രണ്ടു പൊതു വികസന  ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങള്‍ മുന്നോട്ടു വെച്ചാണ് എല്‍ ഡി എഫ് സര്‍ക്കാര്‍  അധികാരത്തിലേക്ക് പ്രവേശിച്ചത്. അതിനു വലിയ പൊതുജന സമ്മതിയും  ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നുവെന്നതിന് തിരെഞ്ഞെടുപ്പ് വിജയത്തിന്റെ തോത് തന്നെ തെളിവ്.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ഇത്തരത്തിലുള്ള ഒരു പുതിയ സാമ്പത്തിക നയം രൂപപ്പെടുത്തുന്നതില്‍  സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ ബജറ്റിനു വലിയ പ്രാധാന്യമുണ്ട്. ബജറ്റുകള്‍ വഴിയാണ്  സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ സാമ്പത്തിക ഇടപെടലുകളുടെ ആഴം, പരപ്പ് എന്നിവ  വ്യക്തമാകുന്നത്. 2006 ല്‍ അവതരിപ്പിച്ച തന്റെ ആദ്യത്തെ ബജറ്റില്‍ തന്നെ  ഡോ. തോമസ്‌ ഐസക്ക് തന്റെ ബജറ്റ് സമീപനം കൃത്യമായി നിര്‍വചിച്ചിരുന്നു. ഈ  സമീപനത്തിന്റെ കാതല്‍ ഇതായിരുന്നു: നവലിബറല്‍ ബജറ്റ് സമീപനം അനുസരിച്ചു,  ചിലവുകള്‍ വെട്ടിക്കുറച്ചു, ബജറ്റ് കമ്മികള്‍ കുറയ്ക്കുക എന്നത് ഈ  സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ സമീപനമല്ല. കേന്ദ്ര സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ നേതൃത്വത്തില്‍  പാസ്സാക്കപ്പെട്ട എഫ് ആര്‍ ബി എം നിയമമനുസരിച്ച്, ബജറ്റ് കമ്മികള്‍ക്ക്  മേല്‍ യാന്ത്രികമായ നിയന്ത്രണമാണ് ഉള്ളത്. അതായത്, സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ മൊത്തം  വരുമാനത്തിന്റെ (എസ് ഡി പി) മൂന്നു ശതമാനം മാത്രമേ ധന കമ്മി ആകാവൂ. റവന്യൂ  കമ്മിയാകട്ടെ, ഉണ്ടാവാനേ പാടില്ല. ഉണ്ടായാല്‍, ചിലവുകള്‍ വെട്ടികുറച്ചു അത്  പൂജ്യത്തിലേക്ക് എത്തിക്കണം. ഇത് സാമൂഹ്യ മേഖലകളിലെ ബാധ്യതകള്‍  നിറവേറ്റുന്നതിനും മൂലധന നിക്ഷേപത്തിനും ഒക്കെ തന്നെ വലിയ  തടസ്സമുണ്ടാക്കുന്ന സമീപനമാണ്. ഇതിനര്‍ത്ഥം, ബജറ്റ് കമ്മികള്‍ നല്ലതാണ്  എന്നല്ല. മറിച്ചു, സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ വരുമാനം വര്‍ദ്ധിപ്പിച്ചു കൊണ്ടു,  ചിലവുകള്‍  വെട്ടിക്കുറക്കാതെ, കമ്മികളെ നേരിടാന്‍ കഴിയണം. ഇതാണ് സുസ്ഥിരമായ  ധനകാര്യ-മാനേജുമെന്റു. ഈ നയമായിരിക്കും ഇടതുപക്ഷ സര്‍ക്കാര്‍  സ്വീകരിക്കുക.  &lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ഈ പുതിയ സമീപനത്തിന്റെ വന്‍ വിജയമാണ് അഞ്ചു  വര്‍ഷങ്ങള്‍ക്കു ശേഷം തന്റെ അവസാന ബജറ്റ് പ്രസംഗത്തില്‍ ധനമന്ത്രി  ആഘോഷിച്ചത്. 2007-08 ല്‍, സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ റവന്യൂ വരുമാനം 21107 കോടി  രൂപയായിരുന്നു. ഇത് വര്‍ദ്ധിച്ചു, 2010-11 ല്‍ 32127 കോടി രൂപയാക്കി  വര്‍ദ്ധിപ്പിക്കാന്‍ സാധിച്ചു. 2011-12 ല്‍, 38547 കോടി രൂപയായി റവന്യൂ  വരുമാനം ഇനിയും വര്‍ദ്ധിക്കും എന്നാണു പുതിയ ബജറ്റിലെ പ്രതീക്ഷ. ഇത്  മൂലമുണ്ടായ ഏറ്റവും വലിയ ഗുണം റവന്യൂ-മൂലധന ചിലവുകള്‍ ഗണ്യമായി കൂട്ടാന്‍  കഴിഞ്ഞു എന്നതാണ്. അങ്ങിനെ, 2007-08 ല്‍ 24892 കോടി രൂപയായിരുന്ന റവന്യൂ  ചെലവ് 2010-11 ല്‍, 35863 കോടി രൂപയാക്കി വര്‍ദ്ധിപ്പിക്കാന്‍ കഴിഞ്ഞു:  അതായത് ഏകദേശം 10000 കോടി രൂപയുടെ അധിക ചെലവ് വഹിക്കാന്‍ കഴിഞ്ഞു. മൂലധന  ചിലവുകളാകട്ടെ, ചരിത്രത്തിലിത് വരെ സംഭവിക്കാത്ത വിധത്തില്‍, 1475 കോടി  രൂപയില്‍ നിന്ന് കൂട്ടി 3992 കോടി രൂപയാക്കി വര്‍ദ്ധിപ്പിക്കാനും സാധിച്ചു.  2011-12 ല്‍, മൂലധന ചെലവ് ഇനിയും കൂടി 4712 കോടിയായി വര്‍ദ്ധിക്കും എന്ന്  ബജറ്റ് കണക്കു കൂട്ടുന്നു. ബജറ്റില്‍ നിന്ന് തന്നെ കൂടുതല്‍ കണക്കുകള്‍  നിരത്താം:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;  &lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;"യാഥാസ്ഥിതിക ധനനയങ്ങള്‍ക്കു പകരം സംസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ ക്ഷേമ വികസന ആവശ്യങ്ങള്‍ അടിസ്ഥാനമാക്കിയുളള സമീപനമാണു സ്വീകരിച്ചത്. ഇതിന്റെ ഫലമായി 2001------/06 കാലയളവില്‍ സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ ചെലവ് 53 ശതമാനം മാത്രം വര്‍ദ്ധിച്ചപ്പോള്‍, ഈ സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ കാലത്ത് 100 ശതമാനത്തിലേറെ വര്‍ദ്ധിച്ചു. അതായത്, 2005/-06 ലെ&lt;span&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;19,528 കോടി രൂപയില്‍ നിന്ന് 2010-/11 ല്‍ 39,790 കോടി രൂപയായി സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ ചെലവ് ഉയര്‍ന്നു. മൂലധനച്ചെലവിന്റെ കാര്യത്തിലും ഇക്കാലത്തു ഗുണപരമായ മാറ്റമുണ്ടായി. സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ മൊത്തം ചെലവില്‍ 5.65 ശതമാനമായിരുന്ന&lt;span&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;മൂലധനച്ചെലവ്&lt;span&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;12.51 ശതമാനമായി.&lt;span&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;തദ്ദേശ സ്വയംഭരണ സ്ഥാപനങ്ങള്‍ക്കുളള വിഹിതം 6.6 ശതമാനത്തില്‍ നിന്ന് 8 ശതമാനമായി. പദ്ധതിച്ചെലവ് 22.0 ശതമാനത്തില്‍ നിന്ന് 25.3 ശതമാനമായി. വികസനച്ചെലവ് 53 ശതമാനത്തില്‍ നിന്ന് 55 ശതമാനമായി ഉയര്‍ന്നു.'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;കമ്മികള്‍ നിയന്ത്രണത്തില്‍&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;എന്നിട്ടും,  റവന്യൂ-ധന കമ്മികള്‍ കൂടാതെ നോക്കി എന്നതിലാണ് ധനമന്ത്രിയുടെ  ധനകാര്യ-മാനേജുമെന്റു വൈദഗ്ധ്യം കാണാന്‍ കഴിയുക (പട്ടിക ഒന്ന് കാണുക).  2007-08 ല്‍, കേരളത്തിന്റെ റവന്യൂ കമ്മി മൊത്തം വരുമാനത്തിന്റെ 2.28 ശതമാനം  ആയിരുന്നു. അതേ വര്‍ഷം, ധന കമ്മി മൊത്തം വരുമാനത്തിന്റെ 3.68 ശതമാനം  ആയിരുന്നു. 2010-11 ല്‍ ആകട്ടെ റവന്യൂ കമ്മി മൊത്തം വരുമാനത്തിന്റെ 1.41  ശതമാനവും ധന കമ്മി മൊത്തം വരുമാനത്തിന്റെ 2.89 ശതമാനവും ആക്കി കുറക്കാന്‍  സാധിച്ചു. വലിയ തോതില്‍ ഉണ്ടായ ചിലവിന്റെ വര്‍ധനവ്‌ കമ്മികളെ കൂട്ടാതെ  നോക്കി എന്ന് സാരം. അത് കൊണ്ടു തന്നെ, സംസ്ഥാനം കൂടുതല്‍ കടത്തിലായി എന്ന  ആരോപണം തീര്‍ത്തും പൊള്ളയാണ്‌ എന്ന് തെളിയുന്നു. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TVPtDjj1M_I/AAAAAAAAAgY/1F86-LXWNgk/s1600/budget-table.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 193px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TVPtDjj1M_I/AAAAAAAAAgY/1F86-LXWNgk/s400/budget-table.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5572057809328354290" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt; കടം  കൂടിയിട്ടില്ല എന്നതിന് ഇനിയും തെളിവുകള്‍ നിരത്താന്‍ സാധിക്കും. ഒന്ന്,  ഒരു സംസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ കടത്തിന്റെ സുസ്ഥിരത അളക്കുന്നത് കടത്തിന്റെ വളര്‍ച്ച  മൊത്തം വരുമാനത്തിന്റെ വളര്‍ച്ചയേക്കാള്‍ കൂടുതലാണോ എന്ന് നോക്കിയാണ്.  മൊത്തം വരുമാനം കടത്തെക്കാള്‍ വേഗതയില്‍ വളര്‍ന്നാല്‍, ഈ വരുമാനത്തില്‍  നിന്നും കിട്ടുന്ന നികുതികളില്‍ നിന്നും മറ്റും കടത്തിന്റെ  കടം കൊടുത്ത്  തീര്‍ക്കാന്‍ ഉള്ള അന്തരീക്ഷം സൃഷ്ട്ടിക്കപ്പെടുന്നു എന്നതാണ് കാരണം.  പട്ടിക ഒന്നില്‍ കാണുന്നത് പോലെ, 2006-07 മുതലുള്ള എല്ലാ വര്‍ഷങ്ങളിലും  കേരളത്തിന്റെ കടത്തിന്റെ വളര്‍ച്ച മൊത്തം വരുമാനത്തിന്റെ വളര്‍ച്ചയേക്കാള്‍  കുറവായിരുന്നു എന്ന് കാണാം. വരുമാനത്തിന്റെ ശതമാനമായി നോക്കിയാല്‍,  2005-06 ല്‍, കടം മൊത്ത വരുമാനത്തിന്റെ 33.56 ശതമാനം ആയിരുന്നത്, 2010-11  ല്‍ 29.62 ശതമാനമായി ചുരുങ്ങി.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;രണ്ടു, കടത്തിന്റെ നിലവാരം (quality) എങ്ങനെയുണ്ട് എന്നും നോക്കാന്‍  കഴിയും. റവന്യൂ കമ്മിയെക്കാള്‍ നല്ലത് ധന കമ്മിയാണ് എന്ന്  പറയേണ്ടതില്ലല്ലോ; ധന കമ്മി കൂടുതലും നിക്ഷേപിക്കപ്പെടുന്നത് മൂലധന  ചിലവുകളിലാണ് എന്നതാണ് കാരണം. മൂലധന ചിലവുകളില്‍ നിന്നും കൂടുതല്‍ വരുമാനം  പ്രതീക്ഷിക്കാന്‍ കഴിയും. എന്നാല്‍ റവന്യൂ കമ്മിയില്‍ നിന്നും ഇത്തരത്തില്‍  വരുമാനം പ്രതീക്ഷിക്കാന്‍ കഴിയില്ല. അപ്പോള്‍, റവന്യൂ കമ്മിയും ധന  കമ്മിയും തമ്മിലുള്ള അന്തരം കുറഞ്ഞോ കൂടിയോ എന്ന് നോക്കാം. കുറഞ്ഞാല്‍  നല്ലത്; കടം കൂടുതല്‍ വാങ്ങിയാലും അത് മൂലധന ചിലവുകളിലേക്ക് ആണ് പോകുന്നത്.  2005-06 ല്‍, റവന്യൂ-ധന കമ്മികളുടെ അനുപാതം 74.82 ആയിരുന്നു. ഇത് കുറഞ്ഞു,  2009-10 ല്‍ 63.81 ആയി ചുരുങ്ങി. അതായത്, കടത്തിന്റെ ഗുണ നിലവാരം  വര്‍ദ്ധിച്ചു എന്നര്‍ത്ഥം. &lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;മൂന്ന്, സാമ്പത്തിക ശാസ്ത്രഞ്ജര്‍ കടത്തിന്റെ സുസ്ഥിരത അളക്കാന്‍  ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നത് "ഡോമാര്‍ ഗാപ്പ്" എന്ന് വിളിക്കുന്ന ഒരു അനുപാതത്തെയാണ്.  അതായത്, മൊത്തം വരുമാനത്തിന്റെ വളര്‍ച്ചാ നിരക്കും വിപണിയിലെ ശരാശരി പലിശ  നിരക്കും തമ്മിലുള്ള അനുപാതം എത്രയാണ്? ഈ അനുപാതം കൂടിയാല്‍, കടത്തിന്റെ  സുസ്ഥിരത കൂടുന്നു എന്നര്‍ത്ഥം; അതായത്, കടം വേഗത്തില്‍ കൊടുത്ത്  തീര്‍ക്കാന്‍ പറ്റുന്ന സ്ഥിതിയുണ്ടാവുന്നു. കേരളത്തില്‍, ഡോമാര്‍ ഗാപ്പ്  2006-07 ല്‍ 3.63 ആയിരുന്നത് 2010-11 ആയപ്പോള്‍ 15.2 ആയി വര്‍ദ്ധിച്ചു. &lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;മേല്‍പ്പറഞ്ഞ മൂന്ന് കണക്കുകളും കേരളത്തിന്റെ കടം പെരുകുന്നു എന്ന  ആരോപണത്തിന്റെ വായടപ്പിക്കാന്‍ കഴിയുന്നവയാണ് എന്ന് പ്രത്യേകം  പറയേണ്ടതില്ലല്ലോ. &lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;ഈ പ്രക്രിയയുടെ ഏറ്റവും വലിയ ഗുണം ഇത് വഴി  സംസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ  മൂലധന ചിലവുകളെ വലിയ തോതില്‍ വര്‍ദ്ധിപ്പിക്കാന്‍ സാധിച്ചു  എന്നതു  തന്നെയാണ്. മൂലധന ചെലവ് ഇത്രയേറെ കൂട്ടാന്‍ സംസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ  ചരിത്രത്തില്‍  സാധിച്ചിട്ടില്ല എന്ന് പറഞ്ഞുവല്ലോ. കഴിഞ്ഞ അഞ്ചു  വര്‍ഷങ്ങള്‍ക്കിടയില്‍  ഏകദേശം 3608 കോടി രൂപയുടെ പുതിയ മൂലധന നിക്ഷേപം  ഉണ്ടാകും. ഇത് കേരളത്തിലെ  അടിസ്ഥാന-പശ്ച്ചാത്തല സൌകര്യങ്ങളുടെ കാര്യത്തില്‍  വലിയ മാറ്റങ്ങള്‍  സൃഷ്ട്ടിക്കും എന്നതില്‍ സംശയമില്ല. പ്രത്യേകിച്ചും,  റോഡു മേഖലയിലാണ്  പുതിയ നിക്ഷേപങ്ങള്‍ ധനമന്ത്രി കണക്കു കൂട്ടുന്നത്‌.  ഇന്നത്തെ റോഡു  നിര്‍മാണ രീതി മാറി, കൂടുതല്‍ ഭാരം താങ്ങാന്‍ കഴിയുന്ന   ബിറ്റുമിന്‍-മക്കാദം/ബിറ്റുമിന്‍-കൊണ്ക്രീട്ടു ഡിസൈനര്‍ റോഡുകളിലേക്ക്  മാറ്റുന്നതിന് ഏകദേശം 40000 കോടി രൂപയാണ് ഒരു വിദഗ്ധ കമ്മിറ്റി  നിശ്ച്ച്ചയിച്ചിട്ടുള്ളത്.  &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;സംസ്ഥാന  സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ നേരിട്ടല്ലാതെ സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ നിയന്ത്രണത്തിലുളള സ്വതന്ത്രമായ  ബോര്‍ഡുകളോ കമ്പനികളോ വഴി വായ്പയെടുത്ത് റോഡു പുനരുദ്ധാരണം നടത്തണം എന്നാണു  തീരുമാനിച്ചിട്ടുള്ളത്. ഈ ചുമതല റോഡ് ഫണ്ട് ബോര്‍ഡിനും റോഡ്സ് ആന്‍ഡ്  ബ്രിഡ്ജസ് കോര്‍പറേഷനുമായിരിക്കും. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;അല്‍ബറാക്  എന്ന പലിശരഹിത ധനകാര്യ സ്ഥാപനം പ്രവര്‍ത്തനക്ഷമമാകുന്നതോടെ സമഗ്ര റോഡു  വികസന പദ്ധതിയ്ക്കുളള വിഭവങ്ങള്‍ കണ്ടെത്തുന്നത് കൂടുതല്‍ എളുപ്പമാകും  എന്ന് ബജറ്റ് വിലയിരുത്തുന്നു. &lt;/span&gt;ഇതിലേക്കുള്ള 1000 കോടി രൂപയുടെ വകയിരുത്തല്‍ ഈ ബജറ്റ് നടത്തി കഴിഞ്ഞിരിക്കുന്നു. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div id=":he"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;i&gt;സാമൂഹ്യ മേഖലകളില്‍ വലിയ ഇടപെടല്‍ &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ബജറ്റിന്റെ മറ്റൊരു പ്രധാന വശം മൂലധന ചിലവുകള്‍  വര്‍ദ്ധിപ്പിക്കുമ്പോള്‍ തന്നെ, സാമൂഹ്യ മേഖലയിലും വലിയ മുതല്‍മുടക്ക്  നടത്താന്‍ കഴിഞ്ഞു എന്നതാണ്. കഴിഞ്ഞ കാല നേട്ടങ്ങള്‍ നിലനിര്‍ത്തുക, ഒപ്പം  എല്ലാവര്‍ക്കും ഭക്ഷണം, വീട്, ആരോഗ്യ-സുരക്ഷ, കുടിവെള്ളം, ശുചിത്വം,  വെളിച്ചം എന്നിവ ഉറപ്പാക്കുന്ന ഒരു സമ്പൂര്‍ണ സാമൂഹ്യ സുരക്ഷാ പദ്ധതിയാണ് ഈ  സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ ലക്ഷ്യമിടുന്നത്. ജനനം മുതല്‍ മരണം വരെ സാധാരണക്കാരെ  സംരക്ഷിക്കുന്ന ഒരു ക്ഷേമ സമൂഹമായി കേരളത്തെ മാറ്റേണ്ടതുണ്ട്. ഈ  ലക്ഷ്യത്തിലേക്കുള്ള യാത്രയുടെ ഓരോ പടിയും ചവിട്ടി കയറിയാണ് ഡോ. ഐസക്ക്  തന്റെ കഴിഞ്ഞ ഓരോ ബജറ്റ് പ്രസംഗവും അവസാനിപ്പിച്ചിട്ടുള്ളത്. ഇക്കുറിയും  വിഭിന്നമായില്ല. &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;കേരളത്തിലെ ഏകദേശം 40 ലക്ഷത്തോളം കുടുംബങ്ങള്‍ക്ക് 2  രൂപയ്ക്കു  അരി നല്‍കാനുള്ള പദ്ധതി ഈ ബജറ്റോടെ പൂര്‍ണമാവുന്നു. കഴിഞ്ഞ ഓരോ  ബജറ്റിലും  ധനമന്ത്രി ഈ കുടുംബങ്ങളുടെ എണ്ണം ക്രമമായി വര്‍ദ്ധിപ്പിച്ചു   വരികയായിരുന്നു. ഇന്ന്, കേരളത്തിലെ എല്ലാ ദളിത് കുടുംബങ്ങള്‍, ആദിവാസി   കുടുംബങ്ങള്‍, മത്സ്യ തൊഴിലാളി കുടുംബങ്ങള്‍, കര്‍ഷക തൊഴിലാളി   കുടുംബങ്ങള്‍, പരമ്പരാഗത തൊഴിലാളി കുടുംബങ്ങള്‍, അങ്ങിനെ മൊത്തത്തില്‍   എല്ലാ അസംഘടിത തൊഴിലാളി കുടുംബങ്ങളെയും മുഴുവനായി ചേര്‍ത്താണ് സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ ഈ   പദ്ധതി നടപ്പാക്കുന്നത്. ഇതിന്റെ ഭാഗമായി കേരളം വഹിക്കുന്ന ഭക്ഷ്യ  സബ്സിഡി  34 കോടി രൂപയില്‍ നിന്നും ഉയര്‍ന്നു 235 കോടി രൂപയായി വളര്‍ന്നു.  അതേ  സമയത്ത്‌ തന്നെ, കേന്ദ്രം നടപ്പില്‍ വരുത്തേണ്ട ഭക്ഷ്യ-സുരക്ഷാ ബില്ല്   ഇഴഞ്ഞു പോലും മുമ്പോട്ടു നീങ്ങുന്നില്ല എന്നത് എടുത്തു പറയേണ്ടതാണ്.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;അവശ്യവസ്തുക്കള്‍ റേഷന്‍ കടകള്‍ വഴിയും ന്യായവിലയ്ക്ക് ലഭ്യമാക്കുന്നതിനുളള പരിപാടി നടപ്പാക്കും. തിരഞ്ഞെടുക്കപ്പെട്ട മൂവായിരം റേഷന്‍ കടകളെ സിവില്‍ സപ്ളൈസ് കോര്‍പ്പറേഷന്റെ ഫ്രാഞ്ചൈസി കടകളായി പ്രഖ്യാപിക്കും. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;മൊത്തത്തില്‍, കേരളത്തിലെ &lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;ക്ഷേമപെന്‍ഷനുകള്‍ക്കും മറ്റുമായി കഴിഞ്ഞ യു ഡി എഫ് സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ കാലത്ത് പ്രതിവര്‍ഷം 134 കോടി രൂപ ചെലവഴിച്ചപ്പോള്‍ എല്‍ ഡി എഫ് സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ കാലത്ത് അത് പ്രതിവര്‍ഷം 389 കോടി രൂപയായി ഉയര്‍ന്നു.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;ഈ സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ അധികാരത്തില്‍ വരുമ്പോള്‍ ക്ഷേമപെന്‍ഷന്‍ തുക മാസം നൂറു രൂപയായിരുന്നു. കഴിഞ്ഞ ബജറ്റുകളിലൂടെ ഇത് മാസം 300 രൂപയായി.&lt;/span&gt;  എന്നാല്‍ ഈ ബജറ്റില്‍ ധനമന്ത്രി ഇതിനെ മാസം 400 രൂപയാക്കി  വര്‍ദ്ധിപ്പിച്ചു. കേരളത്തിന്റെ സാമൂഹ്യ സുരക്ഷാ മേഖലയിലെ ഒരു വലിയ  ചുവടുവെപ്പായി ഇത് വിലയിരുത്തപ്പെടും എന്നതില്‍ സംശയമില്ല.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;30,000 രൂപയ്ക്കുളള കേന്ദ്ര ആരോഗ്യ ഇന്‍ഷ്വറന്‍സ് മുഴുവന്‍ ബിപിഎല്‍ കുടുംബങ്ങള്‍ക്കും സൌജന്യമായി നല്‍കും എന്നതാണ് മറ്റൊരു പ്രഖ്യാപനം. മുഴുവന്‍ ബി പി എല്‍ കുടുംബങ്ങള്‍ എന്നാല്‍ 42 ലക്ഷം കുടുംബങ്ങളും ഇതിലടങ്ങും. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;ഇന്‍ഷ്വറന്‍സ് എടുത്തിട്ടുളളവര്‍ക്ക് കാന്‍സര്‍, ഹൃദ്രോഗം, വൃക്ക ചികിത്സ തുടങ്ങിയ മാറാരോഗങ്ങള്‍ക്ക് 70,000 രൂപ വരെ സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ ആശുപത്രികളിലെ ചികിത്സയ്ക്ക് ലഭ്യമാക്കും.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:ML-TTKarthika;font-size:14pt;" lang="EN-IN"  &gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;കേരളത്തില്‍ ജനിക്കുന്ന ഓരോ കുഞ്ഞിന്റെ പേരിലും 10,000 രൂപയുടെ സ്ഥിരനിക്ഷേപം എന്‍ഡോവ്മെന്റായി സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ നല്‍കുന്നതാണ്. ഇതില്‍ നിന്നുള്ള &lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;വരുമാനം പ്ലസ് ടൂ പൂര്‍ത്തിയാവുമ്പോള്‍, ബാങ്കുകളുടെ വായ്പ്പാ പദ്ധതിയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെടുത്താം. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;ആശാ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;പ്രവര്‍ത്തകര്‍ക്കും&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt; അങ്ങനവാടി പ്രവര്‍ത്തകര്‍ക്കും വലിയ വരുമാന വര്‍ധനവ്‌ ഈ ബജറ്റില്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിക്കപ്പെട്ടു. അഖിലെ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;ന്ദ്യാ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt; തലത്തില്‍ ഇവര്‍ക്ക് മിനിമം കൂലി പോലും നല്‍കാത്ത ഒരു ചൂഷണ നയമാണ് കേന്ദ്ര സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ പിന്തുടരുന്നത്. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;അംഗനവാടി ടീച്ചര്‍മാര്‍ക്ക് മാസം 1500 രൂപയും ഹെല്‍പ്പര്‍മാര്‍ക്ക് മാസം 750 രൂപയുമാണ് കേന്ദ്രം അനുവദിച്ചിട്ടുളളത്. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;ഇതിനു  ഒപ്പം, 1000 രൂപ കൂടി സംസ്ഥാന സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ പ്രതിമാസം ഇവര്‍ക്ക് നല്‍കും.  അത് പോലെ, ആശാ പ്രവര്‍ത്തകര്‍ക്ക് പ്രതിമാസം 300 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;രൂപഓണറെറിയം &lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;കൂടി  അനുവദിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്. സാമൂഹ്യ സുരക്ഷാ മേഖലയില്‍ അക്ഷീണ പരിശ്രാന്തം  ചെയ്യുന്ന ഇവര്‍ക്ക് ഇത് വലിയ തോതിലുള്ള ആഹ്ലാദം പകരും എന്നതില്‍  സംശയമില്ല. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;2001-/06 കാലയളവില്‍ പൂര്‍ത്തീകരിച്ച പദ്ധതികളിലായി 25 ലക്ഷം പേര്‍ക്കാണ്&lt;span&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;കുടിവെളളം ലഭ്യമാക്കിയത്. എന്നാല്‍ 2006/-11 കാലത്ത്&lt;span&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;പൂര്‍ത്തീകരിക്കുന്ന 327 കുടിവെളള പദ്ധതികളില്‍ നിന്നായി&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;59 ലക്ഷം പേര്‍ക്ക് കുടിവെളളം ലഭ്യമാകും. പുതിയ കുടിവെളള പദ്ധതികള്‍ക്കും പഴയ പദ്ധതികളുടെ നവീകരണത്തിനുമായി 2761 കോടി രൂപയുടെ ഭരണാനുമതി നല്‍കിയിട്ടുണ്ട്.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;രണ്ടു പുതിയ ക്ഷേമനിധികള്‍ ആരംഭിക്കാന്‍ ബജറ്റില്‍ തീരുമാനമായി. ഒന്ന് &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;തൊഴില്‍മേഖലയിലെ ഏറ്റവും അസംഘടിത വിഭാഗമാണ് വീട്ടുജോലിക്കാര്‍ക്ക്; മറ്റൊന്ന്, &lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;അ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;സംഘടിത&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt; മേഖലയായ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;അണ്‍ എയിഡഡ് സ്ക്കൂളുകള്‍, കോളജുകള്‍, ട്യൂട്ടോറിയലുകള്‍ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;എന്നിവയില്‍ പണിയെടുക്കുന്നവര്‍ക്ക്. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;കേരളത്തിലെ സാമൂഹ്യ പുരോഗതിയില്‍ ചരിത്രപരമായി തന്നെ പൂര്‍ണമായും  ഭാഗഭാക്കാകാത്ത ഒരു വിഭാഗമാണ്‌ മത്സ്യ തൊഴിലാളികള്‍. ഇവര്‍ക്കായി കഴിഞ്ഞ  അഞ്ചു ബജറ്റുകള്‍ വഴി നടത്തിയ പ്രവര്‍ത്തനങ്ങള്‍ മന്ത്രി ഇങ്ങിനെ  വിശദീകരിച്ചു:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="margin-left: 80px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;2001-/06 കാലയളവില്‍ 527 കോടി രൂപ ചെലവഴിച്ച സ്ഥാനത്ത് കഴിഞ്ഞ അഞ്ചു വര്‍ഷക്കാലത്തിനിടയില്‍ സുനാമി പുനരുദ്ധാരണ പദ്ധതിയടക്കം 3092 കോടി രൂപ മത്സ്യമേഖലയില്‍ ചെലവഴിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്.....&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:ML-TTKarthika;font-size:100%;" lang="EN-IN"  &gt;ഒന്നേകാ&lt;wbr&gt;ല്‍ ലക്ഷം കുടുംബങ്ങളുടെ 380 കോടിയുടെ കടം എഴുതിത്തളളി. സ്വാശ്രയ കോളജ് ചെലവ് സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ ഏറ്റെടുത്തു. എല്ലാ ആനുകൂല്യങ്ങളും ഇരട്ടിയിലേറെ ഉയര്‍ത്തി. മത്സ്യത്തൊഴിലാളികളെ കേന്ദ്രസര്‍ക്കാര്‍ എപിഎല്‍, ബിപിഎല്‍ എന്നിങ്ങനെ തരംതിരിക്കുമ്പോള്‍ മുഴുവന്‍ മത്സ്യത്തൊഴിലാളികള്‍ക്കും രണ്ടു രൂപയ്ക്ക് അരിയും ആരോഗ്യ ഇന്‍ഷ്വറന്‍സും പഞ്ഞ മാസ സമാശ്വാസ പദ്ധതിയും സംസ്ഥാനം നടപ്പാക്കി.&lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;തദ്ദേശസ്വയംഭരണ സ്ഥാപനങ്ങളുടെ വികസന ഫണ്ട് 2010/11 ല്‍ 2049 കോടി രൂപയായിരുന്നത് 2750 കോടി രൂപയായി ഈ ബജറ്റ് ഉയര്‍ത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നു.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="FR"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;തദ്ദേശസ്വയംഭരണ സ്ഥാപനങ്ങളുടെ വിഹിതമടക്കം 2001-/06 ല്‍ പട്ടികജാതി ഘടക പദ്ധതിയുടെ അടങ്കല്‍&lt;span&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;പ്രതിവര്‍ഷം 395 കോടി രൂപയായിരുന്നത് 2006-/11 ല്‍&lt;span&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;840 കോടി രൂപയായി. പട്ടികവര്‍ഗ ഉപപദ്ധതിയുടെ അടങ്കല്‍ 2001-/06 ല്‍ പ്രതിവര്‍ഷം 103 കോടി രൂപ ആയിരുന്നത് 2006-/11 ല്‍ 178 കോടി രൂപയായി ഉയര്‍ന്നു. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="FR"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;വരും വര്‍ഷത്തിലേക്ക് കൂടുതല്‍ തുക മന്ത്രി പ്രഖ്യാപിക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="FR"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;2001/-06 കാലത്ത് പട്ടികജാതി ഘടകപദ്ധതി അടങ്കലിന്റെ 64.42 ശതമാനം ചെലവഴിച്ച സ്ഥാനത്ത് കഴിഞ്ഞ നാലുവര്‍ഷം 91.36 ശതമാനം ചെലവഴിച്ചു. പട്ടികവര്‍ഗ ഉപപദ്ധതിയില്‍ ഇത് 64.73&lt;span&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;ശതമാനമായിരുന്നത് കഴിഞ്ഞ നാലുവര്‍ഷക്കാലത്ത് 92.83 ശതമാനമായി ഉയര്‍ന്നു. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;വളര്‍ച്ചക്കൊത്ത ബജറ്റ്&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;നേരത്തെ  സൂചിപ്പിച്ചത് പോലെ, അതാതു കാലത്തെ സാമ്പത്തിക അവസ്ഥയോടുള്ള  സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ പ്രതികരണമാണ് ഓരോ ബജറ്റും. മുന്‍പ് പല മന്ത്രിമാരും  അവതരിപ്പിച്ച ബജറ്റുകള്‍ നേരിട്ട സാമ്പത്തിക അന്തരീക്ഷമല്ല ഇന്ന്.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2004-05  മുതലിങ്ങോട്ടുള്ള കേരളത്തിന്റെ സാമ്പത്തിക വളര്‍ച്ചയുടെ ചിത്രം തീര്‍ത്തും  അഭിവൃദ്ധിയുടെത് തന്നെയാണ്.  പ്രതിവര്‍ഷം, ചരിത്രത്തിലില്ലാത്ത വിധത്തില്‍,  10% എന്ന നിരക്കിലാണ് മൊത്തം സമ്പദ്ഘടന വളര്‍ന്നത്‌. അതായത്, ദേശീയ വളര്‍ച്ചാ നിരക്കിന്റെ മുകളില്‍. അന്തര്‍ദേശീയ വിപണിയില്‍  നാണ്യ വിളകളുടെ വിലകള്‍ പൊതുവേ ഉയര്‍ന്നിരിക്കുകയാണ്. 2004-05 മുതല്‍,  കാര്‍ഷിക ഉത്പാദനം വീണ്ടും ഉയര്‍ന്നു തുടങ്ങി. നാളികേരം, റബ്ബര്‍ തുടങ്ങിയ  വിലകളില്‍ വലിയ തോതിലുള്ള ഉത്പാദന വളര്‍ച്ചയാണ് ഈ ഘട്ടത്തില്‍  അനുഭവപ്പെട്ടത്. കാപ്പി, കുരുമുളക് എന്നിവയുടെ ഉത്പാദനവും ഉയര്‍ന്നു. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;വ്യവസായ മേഖലയിലും വലിയ വളര്‍ച്ചയാണ് കാണാന്‍ കഴിയുക. പ്രത്യേകിച്ചും, എല്‍  ഡി എഫ് സര്‍ക്കാരിന്റെ കാലത്ത് പൊതുമേഖല വ്യവസായങ്ങളുടെ വളര്‍ച്ചയില്‍  ഉണ്ടായ വളര്‍ച്ച, മൊത്തം വ്യവസായ വളര്‍ച്ചാ നിരക്കില്‍ വളരെ വ്യക്തമായി പ്രതിഫലിക്കുന്നുണ്ട്. അതായത്, പുതിയ വന്‍കിട വ്യവസായ  സ്ഥാപനങ്ങള്‍ സ്ഥാപിക്കപ്പെട്ടത് കൊണ്ടല്ല, മറിച്ചു നിലവിലുള്ളവയുടെ  ഉത്പാദന ശേഷി കൂടുതല്‍ വിനിയോഗിക്കപ്പെട്ടത്‌ കൊണ്ടാണ് ഈ  വളര്‍ച്ച്ചയുണ്ടായിട്ടുള്ളത്. ചെറുകിട വ്യവസായ മേഖലയിലും ശ്രദ്ധേയമായ  വളര്‍ച്ച ഉണ്ടായിട്ടുണ്ട്. യഥാര്‍ത്ഥത്തില്‍, അസംഘടിത മേഖലയിലെ വളര്‍ച്ച  സംഘടിത മേഖലയിലെക്കാള്‍ ഉയര്‍ന്നതാണ്. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;അഭൂതപൂര്‍വമായ വളര്‍ച്ച ഉണ്ടായിട്ടുള്ളത് സേവന മേഖലയിലാണ്. പ്രതിവര്‍ഷം  12.6% എന്ന നിരക്കിലാണ് സേവന മേഖല 2004-05 നു ശേഷം വളര്‍ന്നിട്ടുള്ളത്. ഇത്  തന്നെയാണ് പൊതുവില്‍ ഈ ഘട്ടത്തിലെ സാമ്പത്തിക വളര്‍ച്ചയുടെ ആണിക്കല്ലും.  2004-05 നു ശേഷം നിര്‍മ്മാണ മേഖല വളര്‍ന്നത്‌ പ്രതിവര്‍ഷം 14.8% എന്ന  നിരക്കിലാണ്. ഗതാഗതവും വാര്‍ത്താവിനിമയവും 14% വേഗതയില്‍ ഉയര്‍ന്നു.  വ്യാപാരം, ബാങ്കിങ്ങ്, റിയല്‍ എസ്റെറ്റു എന്നിവ 12% നിരക്കിലാണ്  വളര്‍ന്നത്‌.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ഈയൊരു സാഹചര്യത്തില്‍ വളര്‍ച്ചാ മേഖലകളെ കൂടുതല്‍  ശക്തിപ്പെടുത്തുവാനും വളര്‍ച്ച മുരടിച്ചു നില്‍ക്കുന്ന മേഖലകളില്‍ കൂടുതല്‍  നിക്ഷേപം നടത്തിയും മുന്നേറാനുള്ള ശ്രമങ്ങള്‍ ബജറ്റില്‍ വ്യക്തമായി കാണാം.  ഈ സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ അധികാരത്തില്‍ വന്നപ്പോള്‍ കിലോക്ക് 7 രൂപയായിരുന്ന നെല്ല്  സംഭരണ വില, ഈ ബജറ്റോട് കൂടി 14 രൂപയായി വര്‍ദ്ധിപ്പിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു. കഴിഞ്ഞ  ബജറ്റില്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ച 8 പുതിയ പൊതു മേഖലാ സ്ഥാപനങ്ങള്‍ ഉടനെ ഉത്ഘാടനം  ചെയ്യപ്പെടും എന്ന് ഈ ബജറ്റ് ഉറപ്പിക്കുന്നു. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;നിലവിലുളള പൊതുമേഖലാ സ്ഥാപനങ്ങളുടെ 260 കോടി രൂപയുടെ 9 വിപുലീകരണ പ്രോജക്ടുകളില്‍ ആറെണ്ണവും ഈ വര്‍ഷം തന്നെ പൂര്‍ത്തീകരിക്കും. അനവധി അവശ-കമ്പനികളെ &lt;/span&gt;ദേ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;ശ&lt;span lang="EN-IN"  style="font-family:ML-TTKarthika;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;സാല്‍ക്കരിക്കാനുള്ള &lt;/span&gt;പ്രഖ്യാ&lt;wbr&gt;പനവും ബജറ്റിലുണ്ട്. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;മൊത്തത്തില്‍&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ചുരുക്കത്തില്‍ പറഞ്ഞാല്‍,  കേരളത്തിനു ഇന്നെത്തി നില്‍ക്കുന്ന ഉയര്‍ന്ന വളര്‍ച്ചയുടെ പാതയില്‍ ഇടറാതെ,  പതര്‍ച്ചയില്ലാതെ മുന്നേറാനുള്ള സാമൂഹ്യ-സാമ്പത്തിക സാഹചര്യമാണ് ബജറ്റ്  ഒരുക്കിയിട്ടുള്ളത്. ഡോ. ഐസക്ക്‌ തന്നെ തന്റെ ബജറ്റ് നയത്തിനെ ഇങ്ങിനെ  ചുരുക്കി വിവരിക്കുന്നു:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;   &lt;blockquote style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-left: 1ex;" class="gmail_quote"&gt;&lt;blockquote style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-left: 1ex;" class="gmail_quote"&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.0866in; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;font-family:ML-TTKarthika;" lang="EN-IN" &gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;സര്‍, വരവും ചെലവും യാന്ത്രികമായി കണക്കൊപ്പിച്ചു പോകുന്ന യാഥാസ്ഥിതിക ധനനയത്തിനു പകരം വികസനോന്മുഖ ധനനയമാണു ഞങ്ങള്‍ സ്വീകരിച്ചത്. വികസനച്ചെലവുകള്‍ ചുരുക്കാനല്ല, മറിച്ച് വരുമാനം വര്‍ദ്ധിപ്പിച്ചു കമ്മി കുറയ്ക്കാനാണ് അടിസ്ഥാനപരമായി വികസനോന്മുഖ ധനനയം ശ്രമിക്കുക. സാമൂഹ്യക്ഷേമരംഗത്തെ ചെലവുകള്‍ പുനരുല്‍പാദനപരമല്ല എന്ന കാഴ്ചപ്പാട് ഞങ്ങള്‍ അംഗീകരിക്കുന്നില്ല. വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം ആരോഗ്യം തുടങ്ങിയ സാമൂഹ്യ പശ്ചാത്തല സൌകര്യങ്ങള്‍ ഭൌതിക പശ്ചാത്തല സൌകര്യങ്ങള്‍ പോലെ വികസനത്തിന് സുപ്രധാനമാണ്. റവന്യൂ കമ്മി കുറച്ചുകൊണ്ടുവരാന്‍ ശ്രമിക്കുന്നതോടൊപ്പം ഭൌതിക പശ്ചാത്തലസൌകര്യങ്ങള്‍ ഒരുക്കുന്നതിന് പ്രത്യക്ഷമായോ പരോക്ഷമായോ പരമാവധി വായ്പ സമാഹരിക്കുന്നതിന് വികസനോന്മുഖ ധനനയം പരിശ്രമിക്കും. മേല്‍പറഞ്ഞതു പോലൊരു വികസനോന്മുഖ ധനകാര്യനയം നടപ്പാക്കാന്‍ കഴിഞ്ഞതിന്റെ ഫലമായിട്ടാണ് ഭരണത്തിലേറി അഞ്ചുവര്‍ഷം പിന്നിടുമ്പോള്‍ ജനങ്ങള്‍ക്കു നല്‍കിയ വാഗ്ദാനം നിറവേറ്റിയ ചാരിതാര്‍ത്ഥ്യത്തോടെ ഈ പ്രസംഗം അവസാനിപ്പിക്കാന്‍ എനിക്കു കഴിയുന്നത്. സര്‍, സാമ്പത്തിക അടിത്തറ സുസ്ഥിരമാക്കി എന്നു മാത്രമല്ല, മുന്നോട്ടു കുതിക്കാനുളള ഒരു മാര്‍ഗവും ചൂണ്ടിക്കാണിച്ചുകൊണ്ടാണ് ഞാന്‍ വാക്കുകള്‍ ഉപസംഹരിക്കുന്നത്.&lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;കഴിഞ്ഞ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; അഞ്ചു വര്‍ഷക്കാലത്തെ, ഒരു ദിവസം പോലും ട്രഷറി അടച്ചിടാതെ തുറന്നു  വച്ച, മികച്ച ഒരു റെക്കോര്‍ഡ്‌ സൃഷ്ടിച്ചാണ് ധനമന്ത്രി തന്റെ ഈ  മന്ത്രിസഭയിലെ അവസാന ബജറ്റ് പ്രസംഗം അവസാനിപ്പിച്ചത്. കേരളം കഴിഞ്ഞ അഞ്ചു  വര്‍ഷം കണ്ട &lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;സാമൂഹിക-സാമ്പത്തിക രംഗങ്ങളിലെ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;വളര്‍ച്ചയുടെ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; പാതയില്‍ അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ ബജറ്റുകള്‍ക്ക്  വലിയ പങ്കുണ്ടായിരുന്നു. ഇത് ജനങ്ങള്‍ കാണുന്നുണ്ട്. ഈ വളര്‍ച്ചയുടെ  ഗുണങ്ങള്‍ അവര്‍ അനുഭവിക്കുന്നുണ്ട്. അത് തന്നെയാണ് ഈ സര്‍ക്കാരിനു അഞ്ചു  വര്‍ഷങ്ങള്‍ക്കു ശേഷവും തലയുയര്‍ത്തി നിന്ന് ജനങ്ങളെ അഭിസംബോധന ചെയ്യാനുള്ള  രാഷ്ട്രീയ ഇച്ഛാശക്തി നല്‍കുന്നത്.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-8361458644122167170?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/8361458644122167170/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/8361458644122167170'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/8361458644122167170'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post.html' title='ആധുനിക കേരളത്തിനു ഒരു ആധുനിക ബജറ്റ്'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TVPtDjj1M_I/AAAAAAAAAgY/1F86-LXWNgk/s72-c/budget-table.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-6439362417008661817</id><published>2010-11-27T10:56:00.006+05:30</published><updated>2010-11-28T02:03:18.539+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kerala'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='lavalin'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politics'/><title type='text'>More facts about Lavalin: The Income Tax Department's affidavit on Pinarayi Vijayan</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="left"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;Because the SNC-Lavalin case is now being raked up again by the mainstream media in Kerala, obviously in the wake of the upcoming Assembly elections, it may be instructive to go back to the board and get some things clear.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The allegation levelled against Pinarayi Vijayan by the media and political opponents in the case is that he earned a commission from SNC Lavalin, Canada and invested the money in a Singapore-based benami company. Further, it was alleged that the expenses for the study of Pinarayi's son in Bangalore and Birmingham were funded with graft money.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What very few people know is that, acting upon a complaint in this regard, the Directorate General of Income Tax (Investigation) investigated this matter in great detail and had submitted an affidavit in the Kerala High Court dated 24-07-2008. This affidavit is now available and I am attaching a copy of the same below. What this affidavit does is to completely reject the abovesaid allegations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eternal doubters will still be there, but the vacuity of allegations against the CPM in this case needs to be exposed fully. The Lavalin case is clearly one of the most important right-wing conspiracies against the CPM in the recent times. It needs to be defeated at any cost.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See the affidavit below; my comments below. Throughout, Respondent Number 4 is Pinarayi Vijayan. The petitioner is T. P. Nandakumar, the editor of an atrocious tabloid called &lt;em&gt;CRIME&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Click on each page to enlarge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TPCZMeUdMbI/AAAAAAAAAeo/h7F4NrAtnFE/s1600/scan0045.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 294px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5544099580869423538" border="0" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TPCZMeUdMbI/AAAAAAAAAeo/h7F4NrAtnFE/s400/scan0045.gif" /&gt; &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;There is no entity called "Kamala International" in Singapore... &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TPCZM8oFLiI/AAAAAAAAAew/WpH__OnHKkE/s1600/scan0046.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 256px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5544099589004799522" border="0" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TPCZM8oFLiI/AAAAAAAAAew/WpH__OnHKkE/s400/scan0046.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TPCZNosz9rI/AAAAAAAAAe4/lmChwIfk8UA/s1600/scan0047.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 223px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5544099600835802802" border="0" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TPCZNosz9rI/AAAAAAAAAe4/lmChwIfk8UA/s400/scan0047.gif" /&gt; &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;The gist of allegations are listed here as 4 points. See Point number 10.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TPCZOOG1xQI/AAAAAAAAAfA/6sxO6WX37DU/s1600/scan0048.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 227px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5544099610877084930" border="0" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TPCZOOG1xQI/AAAAAAAAAfA/6sxO6WX37DU/s400/scan0048.gif" /&gt; &lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;How was the education of Pinarayi's children financed? The department discusses in great detail.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TPCZOwUk8QI/AAAAAAAAAfI/6ssP3enr43w/s1600/scan0049.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 212px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5544099620061507842" border="0" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TPCZOwUk8QI/AAAAAAAAAfI/6ssP3enr43w/s400/scan0049.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;Did Pinarayi build a palatial mansion with the money? Communists are not supposed to even paint their houses, if we go by the media...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TPCZ4BJ4yEI/AAAAAAAAAfQ/JZzNOLBUHvs/s1600/scan0050.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 219px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5544100328954710082" border="0" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TPCZ4BJ4yEI/AAAAAAAAAfQ/JZzNOLBUHvs/s400/scan0050.gif" /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;Other allegations are also incorrect.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TPCZ4m_-TRI/AAAAAAAAAfY/4E5TBuuVXLI/s1600/scan0051.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 298px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: pointer" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5544100339113676050" border="0" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TPCZ4m_-TRI/AAAAAAAAAfY/4E5TBuuVXLI/s400/scan0051.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Now, read the revelations in this affidavit along with the following news reports on another report filed by the CBI in the court.&lt;br /&gt;====================================&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lavalin: No evidence of any financial transactions, says CBI&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kochi: The CBI has informed the special court that &lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;there are no evidences on any financial transactions between CPM state secretary Pinarayi Vijayan and the middlemen in the SNC Lavlin case.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; The CBI filed a statement as per the direction of the court on a petition filed by Crime magazine editor T P Nandakumar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The CBI also questioned Nasar who acted as a middleman in the Lavlin deal. They also sought the help of Interpol to question Dileep Rahulan. The investigation so far had not revealed any evidence on financial transaction, CBI said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The statement also states that the investigation against former electricity minister G Karthikeyan is in the final stage. Earlier, CBI in its report, said that the deal was signed without fulfilling all the norms. The report also states that the deal imposed a big loss to the government exchequer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;===================================&lt;br /&gt;from TIMES OF INDIA&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CBI unlikely to conduct further investigation against Pinarayi &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PTI, Apr 17, 2010, 09.13pm IST&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;KOCHI: The CBI on Saturday told a special court that it might be "improper" to conduct further probe against CPM state secretary and former minister Pinarayi Vijayan in a graft case.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vijayan is listed as the seventh accused in the case relating to award of contracts to renovate three hydel projects to Canadian firm SNC-Lavalin in 1998 when he was the power minister.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The investigating agency had filed a chargesheet against Vijayan in the case.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The CPM leader had filed a petition before the Supreme Court challenging even the authority and competence of the Kerala Governor in granting sanction under Section 197 CrPC to prosecute him and it was pending before the Apex Court, the CBI said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"It is therefore submitted that it may also be improper on the part of the prosecution to conduct further investigation against Vijayan at this stage which may cause an apprehension regarding the impartial and unbiased investigation carried out in this case by CBI," the probe agency said in a counter affidavit filed on a petition by 'Crime' editor T P Nandakumar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The allegations pertain to "showing undue favour" to Lavalin in the awarding of renovation and modernisation contracts of Pallivasal, Sengulum and Panniar hydel projects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On further investigation against former Congress leader and UDF minister G Karthikeyan, CBI said it was in the final stages and the report would be submitted to the court.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The petitioner's contention that vital aspects in the case were omitted during investigation by CBI was far from truth, the agency said.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-6439362417008661817?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/6439362417008661817/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2010/11/more-facts-about-lavalin-income-tax.html#comment-form' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/6439362417008661817'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/6439362417008661817'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2010/11/more-facts-about-lavalin-income-tax.html' title='More facts about Lavalin: The Income Tax Department&apos;s affidavit on Pinarayi Vijayan'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TPCZMeUdMbI/AAAAAAAAAeo/h7F4NrAtnFE/s72-c/scan0045.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-4486072547241352890</id><published>2010-11-25T20:35:00.003+05:30</published><updated>2010-11-25T20:43:50.064+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='microfinance'/><title type='text'>A route to disaster</title><content type='html'>My article on the SKS microfinance crisis in the new issue of &lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Frontline&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://frontlineonnet.com/images/newfline.jpg" alt="Frontline" /&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:arial,helvetica;color:green;"  &gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="leftnavi" style=";font-size:85%;color:red;"  &gt;SPOTLIGHT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="storyhead" style=";font-size:130%;color:blue;"  &gt;&lt;b&gt;                  A route to disaster                                                                                                                                      &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;                                                  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;                                            &lt;/p&gt;   R. RAMAKUMAR &lt;p&gt;                                                          &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;                                            &lt;/p&gt;                           The MFI crisis is an inevitable outcome of the policy framework under  which it has been conducted.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://www.flonnet.com/stories/20101203272404100.htm"&gt;Read on...click here...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2664850319166330515-4486072547241352890?l=ramakumarr.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/feeds/4486072547241352890/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2010/11/route-to-disaster.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/4486072547241352890'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2664850319166330515/posts/default/4486072547241352890'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ramakumarr.blogspot.com/2010/11/route-to-disaster.html' title='A route to disaster'/><author><name>R. Ramakumar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04712323842923650748</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2664850319166330515.post-930956580821420716</id><published>2010-11-02T00:05:00.007+05:30</published><updated>2010-11-03T01:22:20.818+05:30</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Economy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='microfinance'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politics'/><title type='text'>SKS and the Crisis of Corporate-led Microfinance in India</title><content type='html'>&lt;b style=""&gt;R. Ramakumar&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 19.3pt;"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;“You see the extreme poverty we have in our country and you go back to the extreme wealth you have in an American suburb and I would do this consistently, every school holiday, summer after summer and that’s a very jarring experience.” An undergraduate at Tufts University in Boston, Akula says he chose to major in philosophy. But Akula remembered what Karl Marx had said: “Philosophers have only interpreted the world…the point is to change it.” So, Akula started SKS in 1997…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 19.3pt; text-align: right;" align="right"&gt; From “&lt;a href="http://www.forbes.com/2010/01/01/forbes-india-vikram-akula-microfinance-entrepreneur.html"&gt;The Tight Rope Walker&lt;/a&gt;“, &lt;i style=""&gt;Forbes India&lt;/i&gt;, January 2010&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TM8JwF23C5I/AAAAAAAAAeQ/FPLTa3DqDmU/s1600/forbesindia_akula-cover.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 307px; height: 400px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TM8JwF23C5I/AAAAAAAAAeQ/FPLTa3DqDmU/s400/forbesindia_akula-cover.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5534653188872276882" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In September 2009, the &lt;i style=""&gt;Forbes India&lt;/i&gt; Magazine carried a rather interesting cover story titled “At the Crossroads”. On the cover was Vikram Akula, founder of &lt;i style=""&gt;SKS Microfinance&lt;/i&gt; and the poster boy of social entrepreneurship in India. Here was the guy who had shown the world that poverty alleviation is not a sphere where the state has to spend money; instead, it was a sphere where you could actually make money. Here was that guy who was the “first to show that private capital could be harnessed to nurture sustainable livelihoods in villages.” Here was that guy who tried to “bridge the gap between profits and compassion”. Here was the guy who was, in 2006, in the &lt;i style=""&gt;Time&lt;/i&gt; magazine’s list of the world’s 100 most influential people.    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;The &lt;i style=""&gt;Forbes India&lt;/i&gt; cover was inspired by the one great leap that Akula was planning for his company. Till 2009, SKS had already mobilised a $ 153 million as equity capital. In the same year, CRISIL had rated SKS as the top Microfinance Institution (MFI) in India. And in 2010, Akula was looking at the “big bang”; SKS was floating an Initial Public Offer (IPO), the first for any MFI in India. He did the listing in style; at an 11 per cent premium. SKS raised a whopping Rs 1653 crore from the market at Rs 985 per share; the share was 13-times over-subscribed. Indrajit Gupta, the Editor of &lt;i style=""&gt;Forbes India&lt;/i&gt; commented (in an accompanying note titled “&lt;a href="http://business.in.com/column/column/creative-capitalism/4072/1"&gt;Creative Capitalism&lt;/a&gt;“): &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 19.3pt;"&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;“So what if a handful of investors make a little bit of money while millions escape the clutches of rapacious moneylenders?...To my mind, Akula now has the chance to show the world that it is possible to strike the middle ground between rabid capitalism and a pure development approach. So can he pull it off?”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;But the real “big bang” was yet to come; the Akula bubble burst! A few weeks into the IPO, the SKS share prices fell as if in a slide; in the third week of October 2010, the price of SKS shares fell even below the issue price of Rs 985 during intra-day trade, before inching up by the end of the day. The party was over. The mood in the market was clear: lay off. On the 17&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of October, JPMorgan tagged the SKS stock with an “underweight” mark, which is an advice for clients to sell the stock. Answering a question on SKS stocks from &lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/views/recommendations/Avoid-SKS-Microfinance-for-now-Fayeza-Hafizee/articleshow/6767575.cms"&gt;ET-Now&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, one leading stock advisor’s answer was:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 19.3pt;"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;…it is really important to understand where the entire thing is going there and lot of question marks being raised on whether the microfinance model being followed by these companies itself is a good idea or not and given all of this I would weight it out, I would not really want to get into the stock [SKS] right now… I would give a clear avoid on this counter for now.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TM8KT_g-5eI/AAAAAAAAAeY/ZO1iwGaIaio/s1600/hindu-BL-SKS-graph.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 216px; height: 161px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_rzZ8EfIVuEU/TM8KT_g-5eI/AAAAAAAAAeY/ZO1iwGaIaio/s400/hindu-BL-SKS-graph.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5534653805645194722" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The burst was actually something waiting to happen, for some time. The microfinance sector, particularly in Andhra Pradesh, was mired in controversies for a while. In early-2006, the Andhra Pradesh government had closed down about 50 branches of MFIs, following allegations of charging usurious interest rates and illegal harassment of borrowers. &lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006031813840400.htm&amp;amp;date=2006/03/18/&amp;amp;prd=th&amp;amp;"&gt;The Hindu&lt;span style="font-style: normal;"&gt; reported&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; the then Chief Minister of the State – Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy – to have remarked that “MFIs were turning out to be worse than moneylenders by charging interest rates in excess of 20 per cent”. In 2006, there were reports that about 10 borrowers of MFIs had committed suicide in Krishna district. The suicide stories began to pile up after 2006. In 2010 itself, there were about 30 to 60 reported suicides (&lt;a href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/banking/finance/finance/30-commit-suicide-in-45-days-to-escape-microfinance-agents/articleshow/6755644.cms"&gt;as per different estimates&lt;/a&gt;) of MFI-borrowers; of the 30 suicides, 17 were of those who had at least one loan from SKS.     &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;To add to the suicide-saga, there was mud in the house too. A few weeks into the big bang Rs 1653 crore mobilisation, two top guns in SKS crossed. Suresh Gurumani, who was CEO of SKS and helped it cruise through the IPO, developed serious differences with Akula. In a rather dubious board room manoeuvre, Gurumani was sacked by Akula in October 2010. For the “market”, this was a signal that all was not well. The SKS share prices began to fall. With the recent ordinance of the Andhra Pradesh government, which seeks to regulate MFIs, the market appears to have lost all “trust” in SKS. &lt;/p&gt;        &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Some observers of microfinance have made it look as if the “market” has managed to locate the board room misdemeanours in SKS as indicating “loss of transparency”. This proposed “virtue” of the market should have no place in understanding the present crisis of microfinance in India; the point is that the present crisis is an inevitable outcome of the larger policy framework in which microfinance has been conducted in India. Here, I wish to argue out two points. First, the edifice on which microfinance has been built in India is the policy of financial liberalisation, and this has had adverse socio-economic consequences on borrowers. Secondly, the recent turn of microfinance (and the government’s encouragement of it) into the equity market for capital infusion is marked by huge risks. These risks are not borne by either the government or the investors; it is borne by the poor borrowers in various forms. The experience of SKS is an indicator of the pitfalls of the private equity-route in microfinance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt; &lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;Microcredit: The arrival of the celebrity poverty alleviator&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt; Over the last decade or more, microcredit has attained some sort of a celebrity status in the dominant development discourse. For instance, the year 2005 was observed as the &lt;i style=""&gt;International Year of Microcredit&lt;/i&gt;, of which Aishwarya Rai was an official spokesperson. It is claimed that microcredit has transformed the lives of the poor across the world through its innovative methods of small-loan provision. The argument here is that microcredit would raise the incomes of the poor so much as to raise them above the income-poverty line. At the &lt;i style=""&gt;International Microcredit Summit&lt;/i&gt;, sponsored by the World Bank in 1997, Mohammad Yunus had declared that the “summit [was] about creating a process that will send poverty to the museum...” &lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;The problem, however, is that careful studies by scholars have not supported this argument. There is not yet one respected study in social sciences that has claimed, conclusively and confidently, that microcredit provision has reduced income-poverty in any significant way. Most studies that do claim so are based on methodologies that are questionable. Princeton economist Jonathan Morduch wrote in the &lt;i style=""&gt;Journal of Economic Literature&lt;/i&gt; that “while strong claims are made for the ability of micro-finance to reduce poverty, only a handful of studies use sizable samples and appropriate frameworks to answer the question.” As a result, “even the most fundamental claims remain unsubstantiated.” At best, studies have shown that microcredit serves as a weak survival strategy for the poor. It is baffling that a concept has not received adequate scientific backing, but yet has received so much attention, praise and finally, a Nobel Prize.!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;How is it then that the concept has endeared itself to a wide range of international organisations and governments? The most important reason is that NGO-led microcredit provision fits in well with the principles of financial liberalisation. A major objective of financial liberalization is the retreat of public institutions from provision of credit to the poor. In this view, microcredit institutions are seen as the alternative when public banks withdraw from the rural areas. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; page-break-after: avoid;" align="center"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;Microcredit and financial liberalisation&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;"&gt;A good example of the adherence of microcredit institutions to the principles of financial liberalisation is the policy on the interest rates. An important objective of the earlier policy of “social and development banking” in developing countries like India was to augment the supply of credit to rural poor, and to do so at an affordable cost. It was recognized that a high rate of interest can shut out poor borrowers from the credit market. In India, under the policy of social and development banking, administered, and differential, interest rates were introduced into the formal system of credit. &lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Proponents of financial liberalisation sharply criticised the policy of administering interest rates. The argument put forward was that administering interest rates led to “financial repression”, which undermined the profitability of operations of the banking system. Hence, the argument went, banks should be given a free hand to charge rates of interest as determined by the market forces of demand and supply. In some sense, interest rate deregulation has been the cornerstone of financial liberalisation in developing countries.&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Mohammad Yunus’ world view is remarkably similar. In his book &lt;i style=""&gt;Banker to the Poor - Micro-lending and the Battle against World Poverty&lt;/i&gt; (Pacific Affairs, New York, 1999), his basic argument was that Grameen Bank can be effective only in a capitalist and free market-driven economy. He said,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 19.3pt;"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;“I do believe in the power of the global free market economy and using capitalist tools. I believe in the power of free market and the power of capital in the market place”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt; He further argued, &lt;/p&gt;    &lt;div style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 19.3pt;"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;“I believe in the central thesis of capitalism: the economic system must be competitive...[and] profit maximising.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;In India, one of the major objectives of banking sector reform was to eliminate subsidies on interest rates. A NABARD booklet in 1997 asserted that the argument that “rural poor...need credit on concessionary rate of interest and soft terms” is a “myth.” Similarly, the Reserve Bank of India’s Cell on microcredit has noted, quite outrageously, that “freedom from poverty is not for free. The poor are willing and capable to pay the cost.” The RBI’s Monetary and Credit Policy for 1999-2000 fully deregulated interest rates on microcredit by banks and NGOs.&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;The available evidence show that deregulating the rates of interest has led to a significant rise in the costs of credit for poor borrowers. Final rates of interest on microcredit are in the range of 24 to 36 per cent per annum. This is almost two to three times higher than what banks used to charge for loans under the IRDP. Interestingly, the average annual interest on a home loan or a car loan is about 10-11 per cent. Large administrative costs of delivering microcredit, a feature noted across countries, is the primary reason for the high interest rates. These administrative costs have resulted in the practice of charging margins by various participant-links in the credit chain. This margin is charged by each participant primarily towards covering the transaction costs – costs of information, negotiation, monitoring and enforcement of the credit contract – incurred in the delivery of microcredit. In the end, the burden of large margins is simply transferred to the poor borrowers in the form of high interest rates.&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;It is often argued that in spite of the higher rates of interest charged, microcredit can raise the incomes of the poor significantly. However, this argument stands on very weak grounds. Under certain simple assumptions, it follows that the rural micro-enterprise that the borrower initiates with the small loan should have a rate of return of at least 24 to 36 per cent to break even. For a medium-sized industry, a rate of return (before interest payment) of about 24 per cent is generally considered to be respectable. For smaller industries, the rate of return would be lower. A rate of return of 24 to 36 per cent for a small rural enterprise is thus a highly unrealistic target, given the low organic composition of capital. &lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;Usurious interests and debt cycles: Evidence from the field&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;In Bangladesh, the practise of high interest rates on microcredit has had many distressing consequences on the repayment behaviour of borrowers. Aminur Rahman pointed out in a study in Tangail district that most of the timely repayments were not made out of incomes flowing from assets gained from Grameen Bank loans, but through further borrowing from private moneylenders. This meant that the borrowers began a new Grameen loan “with a deficit on the capital”, which led to the creation of “debt cycles” for the borrowers. In another study in Madhupur Thana in northern Bangladesh, Saurabh Sinha and Imran Matin noted that “most of the informal loans repaid with Grameen loans were taken to repay earlier Grameen loans.”&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;The evidence from Andhra Pradesh has been no different. While systematic studies on debt cycles of borrowers and malpractices of MFIs in the State are yet to be done, news reports on each suicide are instructive. Here is the story in &lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://expressbuzz.com/states/andhrapradesh/how-a-woman-was-driven-to-suicide-by-mfis/215850.html"&gt;Indian Express&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; of Karri Ammaji, 48 years old, of Katheru village in Rajahmundry rural mandal:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 19.3pt;"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;She had borrowed Rs 2 lakh from &lt;i style=""&gt;four micro finance companies (MFIs)&lt;/i&gt; at 10 per cent interest, and had stood surety for a loan of Rs 2 lakh taken by her relatives…She had been under enormous pressure to cough up repayment instalments, and was due to pay one of Rs 4,000 on Monday…Of the total amount she had borrowed, she had only repaid a meagre amount. Her co-members in the SHG mounted pressure on her to pay up…In the grip of panic, she reportedly jumped into a well near her house. Wife of a labourer, she is survived by four daughters (emphasis added).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Similarly, &lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Caught-in-loan-co-trap-farmer-kills-self-in-Andhra/articleshow/6744772.cms"&gt;Times of India&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; reported the case of Talari Balanarsu from Annaram village in Machareddy mandal:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 19.3pt;"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Talari Balanarsu, 28, hanged himself in his house…in the afternoon. A Gulf returnee, Balanarsu took Rs 20,000 from a private MFI. “His debts mounted as he had taken &lt;i style=""&gt;a loan of Rs 1 lakh from relatives, local villagers and private moneylenders for various needs&lt;/i&gt;,” a villager said (emphasis added).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;From Rajahmundry, the same &lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://expressbuzz.com/states/andhrapradesh/how-a-woman-was-driven-to-suicide-by-mfis/215850.html"&gt;Indian Express&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; report noted that:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 19.3pt;"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Collection agents are widely reported to use abusive language against defaulting borrowers. MFIs tend to appoint agents locally to make collections…Some have been reported to ask women to take up prostitution to be able to pay their instalments…This is in contrast to what they say when they come to your doorstep to offer loans. They promise that there will be no harassment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;A &lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Caught-in-loan-co-trap-farmer-kills-self-in-Andhra/articleshow/6744772.cms"&gt;Times of India&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/i&gt;report from Guntur district noted that:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 19.3pt;"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;In Guntur, a farm labourer, Borugadda Sudha, 27, tried to end her life by jumping into a well but she was rescued by villagers. Sudha took Rs 15,000 from an MFI to make both ends meet after her husband Ganapathi Rao, a casual labourer at a foundry, died six months ago. She has a two-month-old baby.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Following non-payment of loan instalments, two women representatives reached her house and allegedly abused and threatened her. They detained her and released her only after her relatives assured them of loan repayment. The police who picked up the representatives did not register a case.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt; &lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;&lt;/span&gt;A &lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Agents-kidnap-girl-to-punish-mother-for-loan-default/articleshow/6738846.cms"&gt;Times of India&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; report from Visakhapatnam district noted that:  &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 19.3pt;"&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Agents of a micro-finance company allegedly abducted a 10-year-old girl to “punish” her mother for failing to repay their weekly loan instalment at Narsipatnam in Andhra Pradesh’s Visakhapatnam district.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Daralamma, a daily wage labourer, filed a police complaint on Tuesday, saying the agents abducted her daughter, Durga Anushka, on Saturday last when she was away in Anakapally for medical treatment. “My sister said the agents accompanied by three self-help group women came to our home and took away my daughter. They had threatened her that they would release Anushka only after I clear the dues,” Daralamma said.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;And finally, &lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/MFI-agents-forcing-debtors-to-commit-suicide-Study/articleshow/6778229.cms"&gt;Times of India&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; reported a “government study”, conducted by Sujata Sharma, project director of District Rural Development Authority (DRDA) of Warangal:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 19.3pt;"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;…a government study has found that some MFI agents themselves are encouraging the debtors to commit suicide so that their loans are repaid. This happens because the borrowers are covered by insurance… According to sources, the MFIs draw up an insurance cover for the borrower at the time of loan disbursement. In the eventuality of suicide, they recover the amount under the Loan Protection Fund (LPF) by which 10 per cent of the loan amount is deposited with the RBI which repays the remaining loan amount due from the defaulter.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;In sum, the policy of interest rate deregulation, as applied to microcredit, has led to a steep rise in the interest rates on loans to the poor. Combined with illegal collection practices of the lenders, particularly in Andhra Pradesh, microcredit has turned into a new extractive space for modern finance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;The Gordian knot: The turn to equity of MFIs&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;There is a difference that needs emphasis here. Through out, I have been referring to microcredit and microfinance as if they are the same. Not really. While microcredit refers to small loans without collateral, microfinance typically refers to microcredit, savings, insurance, money transfers, and other financial products targeted at poor and low-income people. Over a period, most microcredit agencies tried to transform themselves into microfinance agencies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;With the expansion in activities following the rise in microcredit as well as microfinance activities, the portfolios of MFIs grew sharply. The MFIs took over the task of identifying and encouraging “Joint Lending Groups” (JLGs) that needed loans and other financial services. The typical progression of an MFI, then, was as follows: begin as a &lt;i style=""&gt;not-for-profit&lt;/i&gt; unit using grants and mature gradually into a &lt;i style=""&gt;for-profit&lt;/i&gt; Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC). The NBFCs needed new infusion of funds and suddenly, microfinance became an attractive destination for “investors”. For a while, the innovation of new debt instruments has been a major focus of discussions in financial board rooms. In particular, focus has been on the interest of venture capitalists in microfinance.&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;This was the beginning of the &lt;a href="http://business.in.com/article/boardroom/the-indian-microfinance-lending-machine/18502/0"&gt;era of equity capital&lt;/a&gt; in microfinance that began in the early-2000s. The case of SKS is illustrative. In 2003, SKS brought in Mutual Benefit Trusts (MBT) as investors; in 2005, SKS registered as an NBFC; in 2006, SKS went through an equity infusion of $ 1.6 million and MBT put in another $ 1 million; in 2008, SKS raised another $ 37 million and the investing company Sequoia earned a stake of 27 per cent in SKS; in 2010, N. R. Narayana Moorthy’s venture capital firm &lt;i style=""&gt;Catamaran&lt;/i&gt; invested Rs 28 crore in SKS and earned a 1.5 per cent stake. Shloka Nath reported for &lt;a href="http://business.in.com/article/boardroom/the-indian-microfinance-lending-machine/18502/0"&gt;Forbes India&lt;/a&gt; that “in 6 months time, the mark-to-market profit of Catamaran is about Rs. 64.24 crore.” According to &lt;a href="http://indiacurrentaffairs.org/the-stranglehold-of-microfinance-k-veeraiah/"&gt;another report&lt;/a&gt;, “the returns on equity in MFIs increased from 5.1 per cent in 2008 to 18.3 per cent in 2009.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;While the SKS’ story of equity infusion is striking in its growth, a large number of MFIs in India also went through such phases of capital infusion. &lt;a href="http://indiacurrentaffairs.org/the-stranglehold-of-microfinance-k-veeraiah/"&gt;For instance&lt;/a&gt;, Spandana has recently negotiated $ 60 million in equity from Teamlease of Singapore. Reports say that both Spandana and SHARE Microfinance were planning an IPO when the SKS came crashing. According to &lt;a href="http://indiacurrentaffairs.org/the-stranglehold-of-microfinance-k-veeraiah/"&gt;an observer&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;div style="border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; border-style: none none none solid; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 19.3pt;"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;…by July 2010, more than 200 billion USD is pumped into MFI industry. Once they enter, they drive the industry according to their own interests. Currently Spandana negotiated for $ 60 million equity from Teamlease of Singapore. The World Bank and its MFI arm, IFC are active in lending to the corporate MFIs in India. The IFC even announced microfinance initiative for Asia in collaboration with &lt;i style=""&gt;Kreditanstalt fur Wideraufbau &lt;/i&gt;to lend to MFIs in India. The DFID is coming up with a new poverty initiative strategy focusing on states where MFI penetration is less. Thus, the entry of international finance capital and the profit oriented MFIs in lieu of SHGs which thrive on bank linkages, vitiated the market resulting in suicides by the borrowers, who fail to repay in time and withstand the pressure from the MFIs. This is what is happening in Andhra Pradesh and what happened in some other states in recent years.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;The equity route, and later the IPO route, had a rather straightforward problem. Investors were not angels, and their only attraction to invest in MFIs was the relatively high rate of yields. And how were these high yields sustai
